gcmh.org

List of Champions of the 1927 French Championships (now known as the French Open):

Kornelia Bouman became the first foreign woman to win the women’s singles event.

Seniors

Men’s Singles

Main article: 1927 French Championships - Men’s Singles

René Lacoste def. Bill Tilden, 6-4, 4-6, 5-7, 6-3, 11-9

Women’s Singles

Main article: 1927 French Championships - Women’s Singles

Kornelia Bouman def. Irene Peacock, 6-2, 6-4

Men’s Doubles

Henri Cochet / Jacques Brugnon def. Jean Borotra / René Lacoste, 2-6, 6-2, 6-0, 1-6, 6-4

Women’s Doubles

Irene Peacock / Bobbie Heine def. Peggy Saunders Mitchell / Phoebe Holcroft Watson, 6-2, 6-1

elite canopy

1891 Self Portrait

Edward Linley Sambourne (4 January 1844–3 August 1910) was a cartoonist for Punch. He was born in Pentonville, London, the son of Edward Moot Sambourne. His middle name of Linley comes from his mother’s maiden name, Frances Linley.

At the age of sixteen, he attended the school of art in South Kensington for a short time, but then left and began working for John Penn & Sons, an engineering firm in Greenwich. Sambourne worked here as an engineering draughtsman, but bored with the work, he spent most of his time making sketches. A fellow worker, Alfred Reed, finding one of the sketches particularly amusing, showed the sketch to his father, German Reed, a friend of the then Punch editor, Mark Lemon in early 1867. Lemon was sufficiently impressed by the sketch that he published a drawing by Sambourne in the 27 April 1867 issue, of John Bright tilting at a quintain under the title of “Pros and Cons”. Sambourne was a contributor to Punch for the next four decades. In 1871 he became the regular illustrator for the “Essence of Parliament” feature. By 1878 he was named the “cartoon junior”, second only to John Tenniel.

Besides his work for Punch, he occasionally produced work for other magazines, and also produced illustrations for an 1885 edition of Charles Kingsley’s The Water Babies.

In 1901, he became the chief cartoonist for Punch, taking over after John Tenniel’s retirement. After his death his family preserved his Holland Park home largely as it has been in his lifetime and it is now open to the public as the Linley Sambourne House.

Examples of his work

Examples from his series of caricatures in Punch 1881-2, “Punch’s Fancy Portraits”:

More of Sambourne’s caricatures from this series can be seen in the articles for William Harrison Ainsworth, Emma Albani, Matthew Arnold, Lord Charles Beresford, William Black, George Granville Bradley, Robert Browning, Hugh Childers, Lord Randolph Churchill, Henry Drummond Wolff, Henry Fawcett, James Anthony Froude, George Joachim Goschen, Charles Gounod, John Holker, Henry Labouchère, Henry Parry Liddon, John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, Henry Edward Cardinal Manning, Oscar Wilde, Ouida, James Payn, George Augustus Henry Sala, Eyre Massey Shaw, Arthur Sullivan, William James Erasmus Wilson, and Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley

See also: Phylloxera, Cecil Rhodes.

Trivia

Sambourne’s descendants include grandson Oliver Messel (an acclaimed set designer and architect), great-grandson the Earl of Snowdon (the photographer and documentary filmmaker), and great-great-grandson Viscount Linley (the furniture designer and chairman of Christie’s auction house).

See also

• Linley Sambourne House

deere point

The term Large Group Awareness Training (LGAT) refers to training offered by some groups in what some call the human potential movement. By using LGAT techniques, these providers claim to (among other things) increase self-awareness and bring about preferred personal changes in individuals’ lives. Michael Langone has referred to Large Group Awareness Training as new age trainings and Philip Cushman referred to them as mass marathon trainings

Large Group Awareness Training programs often involve more than two hundred people at a time. Though early definitions cited LGATs as featuring unusually long durations, more recent texts describe the trainings as lasting from a few hours to a few days. About a million Americans have attended LGAT seminars.

Definitions of LGAT

An unrelated conference hall filled with clapping people. Large Group Awareness Training often takes place in conference-halls or hotels.

DuMerton described Large Group Awareness Training as “teaching simple, but often overlooked wisdom, which takes place over the period of a few days, in which individuals receive intense, emotionally-focused instruction.” Rubinstein compared Large Group Awareness Training to certain principles of cognitive therapy, such as the idea that people can change their lives by interpreting the way they view external circumstances. And in Consumer Research: Postcards from the edge, when discussing behavioral and economic studies, the authors contrasted the “enclosed locations” used with Large Group Awareness Trainings with the “relatively open” environment of a “variety store”.

The Handbook of Group Psychotherapy described Large Group Awareness Training as focusing on “philosophical, psychological and ethical issues”, as related to a desire to increase personal effectiveness in people’s lives.

Psychologist Dennis Coon’s textbook, Psychology: A Journey, defined the term “LGAT” as referring to: “programs that claim to increase self-awareness and facilitate constructive personal change.” Coon further defines Large Group Awareness Training in his book Introduction to Psychology.

The evolution of LGAT-providers

This article or section may contain improper references to self-published sources. Please help improve this article or section by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. A self-published source may normally only be cited as a primary source about the author or source itself and not as an authority. (March 2008)

Lou Kilzer, in The Rocky Mountain News, identified Leadership Dynamics as the first of the genre of what psychologists termed “Large Group Awareness Training”.

In their self-published book, Navarro and Navarro identify Mind Dynamics as the major forerunner of large group awareness trainings. They write that, although Mind Dynamics itself existed only briefly, it sparked an industry of similar trainings.

Groups such as Lifespring, Erhard Seminars Training and The Forum claimed to have worked to improve people’s overall level of satisfaction and interpersonal relations through group interaction.

Academic analyses, studies

“Large Group Awareness Training”, a 1982 peer-reviewed article published in Annual Review of Psychology, sought to summarize literature on the subject of LGATs and to examine their efficacy and their relationship with more standard psychology. This article became one of the first academic works to analyze and describe large group awareness training from a psychological perspective. Influenced by the work of humanistic psychologists such as Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and Rollo May and often considered part of the human potential movement, LGAT’s are commercial trainings that took many techniques from encounter groups. Existing alongside but “outside the domains of academic psychology or psychiatry. Their measure of performance was consumer satisfaction and formal research was seldom pursued.”

The article describes an est training, and discusses the literature on the testimony of est graduates. It notes minor changes on psychological tests after the training and mentions anecdotal reports of psychiatric casualties among est trainees. The article considers how est compares to more standard psychotherapy techniques such as behavior therapy, group and existential psychotherapy before concluding with a call for “objective and rigorous research” and stating that unknown variables might have accounted for some of the positive accounts. Psychologists advised borderline or psychotic patients not to participate.

Psychological factors cited by academics include emotional “flooding”, catharsis, universality (identification with others), the instillation of hope, identification and what Sartre called “uncontested authorship.”

In 1989 researchers from the University of Connecticut received the “National Consultants to Management Award” from the American Psychological Association, for their study: Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. The study concluded that participation in the LGAT studied had very little impact on participants.

Psychologist Chris Mathe has written in the interests of consumer-protection, encouraging potential attendees of LGATs to discuss such trainings with any current therapist or counselor, to examine the principles underlying the program, and to determine pre-screening methods, the training of facilitators, the full cost of the training and of any suggested follow-up care.

LGAT techniques

Finkelstein’s 1982 article provides a detailed description of the structure and techniques of an Erhard Seminars Training event, noting an authoritarian demeanor of the trainer, physical strains of a long schedule on the participants and the similarity of many techniques to those used in some group therapy and encounter groups. The academic textbook, Handbook of Group Psychotherapy regards Large Group Awareness Training organizations as “less open to leader differences”, because they follow a “detailed written plan” that does not vary from one training to the next.

Specific techniques used in Large Group Awareness Trainings may include:

• meditation
• biofeedback
• self-hypnosis
• relaxation techniques
• visualization
• neuro-linguistic programming
• mind-control
• yoga

LGATs utilize such techniques during long sessions, sometimes called a marathon session when lasting for eight hours or more.

In his book Life 102, LGAT participant and former trainer Peter McWilliams describes the basic technique of marathon trainings as pressure/release and asserts that advertising uses pressure/release “all the time”, as do “good cop/bad cop” police-interrogations and revival meetings. By spending approximately half the time making a person feel bad and then suddenly reversing the feeling through effusive praise, the programs cause participants to experience a stress-reaction and an “endorphin high.” McWilliams gives examples of various LGAT activities called processes with names such as “love bomb,” “lifeboat”, “cocktail party” and “cradling” which take place over many hours and days, physically exhausting the participants to make them more susceptible to the trainer’s message, whether in the participants’ best interests or not.

Although extremely critical of some LGATs, McWilliams found positive value in others, asserting that they varied not in technique but in the application of technique.

Evaluations of LGATs

Finkelstein noted the many difficulties in evaluating LGATs, from proponents’ explicit rejection of certain study models to difficulty in establishing a rigorous control group. In some cases, organizations under study have partially funded research into themselves.

Not all professional researchers view LGATs favorably. Researchers such as psychologist Philip Cushman, for example, found that the program he studied “consists of a pre-meditated attack on the self”. A 1983 study on Lifespring found that “although participants often experience a heightened sense of well-being as a consequence of the training, the phenomenon is essentially pathological”, meaning that, in the program they studied, “the training systematically undermines ego functioning and promotes regression to the extent that reality testing is significantly impaired”. Lieberman’s 1987 study, funded partially by Lifespring, noted that 5 out of a sample of 289 participants experienced “stress reactions” including one “transitory psychotic episode”. He commented: “Whether would have experienced such stress under other conditions cannot be answered. The clinical evidence, however, is that the reactions were directly attributable to the large group awareness training.”

In Coon’s psychology textbook, Introduction to Psychology, the author references many other studies, which postulate that many of the “claimed benefits” of Large Group Awareness Training actually take the form of “a kind of therapy placebo effect”. DuMerton writes that “… there is a lack of scientific evidence to quantify the longer-term positive outcomes and changes objectively …” Jarvis described Large Group Awareness Training as “educationally dubious” in the 2002 book The Theory & Practice of Teaching.

Tapper mentions that “some large group-awareness training and psychotherapy groups” exemplify non-religious “cults”. Benjamin criticizes LGAT groups for their high prices and spiritual subtleties. In an academic research-paper on “Choices”, a type of LGAT, researchers credited LGAT programs with having had perhaps a million American attendees, many of whom gave positive testimonials of “healing effects” and “positive outcomes in their lives”.

LGATs in comparison with cults

Dawson

Lorne Dawson stated in his book on cults and new religious movements that both cults and Large Group Awareness Training use similar thought-reform techniques.

Singer

The American Psychological Association bureaucracy commissioned and subsequently decided not to endorse and strongly criticized a report by the APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control, in which the so-called “anti-cult” psychologist Margaret Singer included large group awareness trainings as one example of what she called “coercive persuasion”. The APA characterized Singer’s hypotheses as “uninformed speculations based on skewed data” and stated that the report “lacked scientific rigor and an evenhanded critical approach to carry the imprimatur of the APA.” The APA also claimed that “the specific methods by which Drs. Singer and Benson have arrived at their conclusions have also been rejected by all serious scholars in the field.” Singer sued the APA, and lost on June 17, 1994 After the APA spurned the report, Singer remained in good standing in the psychological research community. She reworked much of the report material into the book Cults in our Midst: The Hidden Menace in Our Everyday Lives (1995, second edition: 2003), which she co-authored with Janja Lalich.

Singer and Lalich claimed “large group awareness trainings” tend to last at least four days and usually five. The book mentions Erhard Seminars Training and its derivatives such as the Forum, “Lifespring, Actualizations, MSIA/Insight and PSI Seminars.

In her book, Singer differentiated between the usage of the terms cult and Large Group Awareness Training. Singer also writes that employees taking part in a company-wide Large Group Awareness Training program not only complained about attempted religious conversion, but also objected to the specific techniques used.

Langone

An article in Cult Observer by Michael Langone Ph.D. analysed Large Group Awareness Training. Langone noted comparisons between Large Group Awareness Training and “brainwashing” and “cults”, and posited that many LGAT groups have an implied or even explicit religious nature. Langone concluded by stating that he knew of no specific academic research which showed that Large Group Awareness Trainings have positive behavioral effects. Langone cited a study which showed no difference between the Large Group Awareness Training test-subjects and the control group.

ICSA

The International Cultic Studies Association has grouped some Large Group Awareness Training organizations together with research about them.

See also

• List of Large Group Awareness Training organizations

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Coon, Dennis (2004). Psychology: A Journey. Thomson Wadsworth, 520, 528, 538. ISBN 0534632645. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Langone, Michael (1998). “Large Group Awareness Trainings”. Cult Observer 15 (1). ISSN 1539-0152, http://www.csj.org/rg/rgessays/rgessay_lgate.htm. 
3. ^ Mass Marathon Trainings, excerpted, The Politics of Transformation: Recruitment - Indoctrination Processes in a Mass Marathon Psychology Organization, St. Martin’s Press 1993, Philip Cushman, Ph.D.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} DuMerton, M.A., C. (July 2004). “Tragic Optimism and Choices: The Life Attitudes Scale with a First Nations Sample” ( – ^{Scholar search}). (Master’s Thesis) (Trinity Western University (Hosted on University Web site)) (Master of Arts, Graduate Counseling Psychology Program), http://www.twu.ca/cpsy/Documents/Theses/Lynn%20Dumerton%20thesis.pdf. Retrieved on 14 April 2007. 
5. ^ Rubinstein, Gidi (2005). “Characteristics of participants in the Forum, psychotherapy clients, and control participants: A comparative study”. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (British Psychological Society) 78 (4): 481–492. doi:10.1348/147608305X42721. ISSN 1476-0835. 
6. ^ Brown, Stephen I.; Darach Turley (1997). Consumer Research: Postcards from the edge. Routledge, 279. ISBN 041515684X. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Burlingame, Gary M. (1994). Handbook of Group Psychotherapy: An Empirical and Clinical Synthesis. John Wiley and Sons, 528, 532, 535, 539, 549, 550, 555, 556, 581, 583.. ISBN 0471555924. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Coon, Dennis (2003). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior. Thomson Wadsworth, Pp. 648, 649, 655.. ISBN 053461227X. 
9. ^ Kilzer, Lou (July 18, 1999). “Desperate Measures Network of Behavior Modification Compounds Known as Teen Help Has Straightened Out Hundreds of Defiant Adolescents, But Its Methods Aren’t For the Faint-hearted.”, Rocky Mountain News, E. W. Scripps Company. 
   “The first of the genre psychologists call “large group awareness training” was the Leadership Dynamics Institute…”
10. ^ ^{a b} Navarro,, Espy M.; Robert Navarro (2002). Self Realization: The Est and Forum Phenomena in American Society. Xlibris Corporation, 54. ISBN 1401042201.  | quote = “Mind Dynamics, founded by Alexander Everett, was the major forerunner of large group awareness trainings. Although Mind Dynamics was only in existence for a few years, it sparked an entire industry of similar trainings.” }}
11. ^ Brewer, Maryilyn B.; Miles Hewstone (2004). Applied Social Psychology. Blackwell Publishing, Pp. 81.. ISBN 1405110678. 
12. ^ Tindale, R. Scott (2001). Group Processes: Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology. Blackwell Publishing, 630. ISBN 1405106530. 
    “EST, FORUM and LIFESPRING are all examples of LGATs, for members seek to improve their overall level of satisfaction and interpersonal relations by carrying out such experiential exercises as role-playing, group singing and chanting, and guided group interaction.”
13. ^ Zeig, Jeffrey K. (1997). The Evolution of Psychotherapy: The Third Conference. Psychology Press, Pp. 352, 357.. ISBN 0876308132. 
    “Training or T-groups, sensitivity training, and encounter groups spread and were followed by commercially sold large group awareness training programs, such as est, Lifespring and other programs.”
14. ^ ^{a b c d} Finkelstein, P.; Wenegrat, B.; Yalom, I. (1982). “Large Group Awareness Training”. Annual Review of Psychology (Calvin Perry Stone) 33: 515–539. ISSN 0066-4308. 
15. ^ Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Silver, Chinsky, Goff, Klar (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. Springer-Verlag, 142. ISBN 0387973206 , ISBN 978-0387973203. 
    Page. vii. — “The research reported in this volume was awarded the American Psychological Association, Division 13, National Consultants to Management Award, August 13, 1989.”
16. ^ Choosing a Personal Growth Program: Ten questions to help you make an informed decision, Chris Mathe, Ph. D., 1999
17. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} “Intruding into the Workplace”, Dr. Margaret Singer, excerpted from Singer, Margaret; Janja Lalich (1995). Cults in our Midst. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. ISBN 0787900516. Retrieved on 2007-11-19. ”Aside from complaining that they were being put through programs tantamount to a forced religious conversion, employees also objected to specific techniques being used: meditation, neurolinguistic programming, biofeedback, self-hypnosis, bizarre relaxation techniques, mind control, body touching, yoga, trance inductions, visualization, and in some cases, intense confrontational sessions akin to the “attack” therapy methods that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s.” 
18. ^ Partridge, C. (2004). New Religions: A Guide; New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. Oxford University Press, 407. ISBN 0-19-522042-0. 
19. ^ Paglia, Carmen (Winter 2003). “Cults and Cosmic Consciousness: Religious Vision in the American 1960s” (PDF). Arion (Boston University) 10 (3), http://www.bu.edu/arion/paglia_cults.pdf. 
20. ^ ^{a b} Peter McWilliams, Life 102: What to Do When Your Guru Sues You (Prelude Press: Los Angeles, 1994). ISBN 0-931580-34-X., pp 6-7.
21. ^ ^{a b} Lieberman, “Effects of Large Group Awareness Training on Participants’ Psychiatric Status”, American Journal of Psychiatry v 144 p 460-464, April 1987.
22. ^ Cushman, “Iron Fists/Velvet Gloves: A Study of A Mass Marathon Psychology Training”, Psychotherapy vol 26, Spring 1989.
23. ^ Haaken, J. and Adams, R., “Pathology as ‘Personal Growth’: A Participant-Observation Study of Lifespring Training”, Psychiatry, vol 46, August 1983.
24. ^ Jarvis, Peter (2002). The Theory & Practice of Teaching. Routledge, 97. ISBN 0749434090. 
25. ^ Tapper, A (September 2002). “The Impact of Cults on Health” (PDF). Nursing Spectrum, http://www.reveal.org/library/psych/The%20Impact%20of%20Cults%20on%20Health.pdf. 
26. ^ Benjamin, Ph.D., Elliot (June 2005). “Spirituality and Cults” (PDF). Integral Science, http://www.integralscience.org/spiritualitycults.pdf. 
27. ^ Dawson, Lorne L. (2003). Cults and New Religious Movements: A Reader. Blackwell Publishing, 149. ISBN 1405101814. 
28. ^ University of Virginia Library
29. ^ ^{a b} CESNUR - APA Memo of 1987 with Enclosures
30. ^ CESNUR - APA Brief in the Molko Case
31. ^ Decision Against Margaret Singer (CESNUR)
32. ^ Blim, Andrew: ‘Cult Experts Sue Lawyers, Others” in National Law Journal, August 31, 1992, Vol 33, Issue 19: “Berkeley professors Margaret Singer and Richard Ofshe … are viewed by even the lawyer-defendants as reputable scholars”.
33. ^ ^{a b} Intruding into the Workplace, Dr. Margaret Singer, excerpted from Cults in our Midst (book), 1995
34. ^ Hosford, Ray, E., Moss, C. Scott, Cavior, Helene, & Kerish, Burton. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1982, Manuscript #2419, American Psychological Association
35. ^ “Large Group Awareness Trainings (LGAT)”. Cultic Studies Journal, International Cultic Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2006-01-28. Retrieved on 2006-01-18.

hp w2408 349

The term Sooners was used to describe settlers who entered the Unassigned Lands, located in the current state of Oklahoma, before President Grover Cleveland officially proclaimed them open to settlement with the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 on March 2, 1889. The name derived from the “sooner clause” of the Indian Appropriation Act, which stated that no one should be allowed to enter and occupy the land prior to the opening time and that such people would be denied rights to illegally claimed land.

Sooners were often deputy marshals, land surveyors, railroad employees, and others who were able to legally enter the territory early to mark out choice pieces of land for themselves or others. Some sooners crossed into the territory illegally at night and were originally called “moonshiners” because they entered “by the light of the moon.” These sooners would hide in ditches at night and suddenly appear to stake their claim after the land run started, hours ahead of legal settlers.

The term Boomer relating to Oklahoma has two meanings. The first boomers were part of the “Boomer Movement,” made up of white settlers who believed the Unassigned Lands were public property and open to anyone for settlement, not just Indian tribes. Their reasoning came from a clause in the Homestead Act of 1862, which said that any settler could claim 160 acres (0.65 km²) of public land. Some boomers entered and were removed more than once by the United States Army.

Those who observed the official start of the land run and began the race for free land at the sound of the starting boom were also called “boomers.” These boomers, however, often found choice sections of land already occupied by sooners or, in some cases, by boomers. Problems with sooners continued with each successive land run, with as much as 50% of available land taken by sooners in an 1895 land run.

Litigation between boomers and sooners continued well into the 20th century, and eventually the United States Department of the Interior was given ultimate authority to settle the disputes.

In 1908 the University of Oklahoma adopted “Sooners” as the nickname of their football team (after having first tried “Rough Riders” and “Boomers”). Eventually Oklahoma became known as “The Sooner State.”

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Blochowiak, Mary Ann. “Sooners”. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2006-02-18. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
2. ^ City of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Land Run – Boomers vs. Sooners. 2007-2008 Proposed Budget. Accessed 2007-05-11.
3. ^ “Oklahoma The Sooner State”. Netstate.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-22.

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Medal record
Competitor for  Iran
Men’s Judo
Asian Games
Silver	2006 Doha	+ 100 kg
Asian Championships
Gold	2005 Tashkent	+ 100 kg
Silver	2007 Kuwait City	+ 100 kg
Silver	2008 Jeju City	+ 100 kg

Mohammad Reza Roudaki (Persian: ??????? ?????, born February 22, 1984 in Tehran) is an Iranian judoka.

He won a silver medal at the +100 kg category of the 2006 Asian Games.

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John Rowles
Background information
Birth name	John Rowles
Born	March 26, 1947 (1947-03-26) (age 61)
Origin	New Zealand
Genre(s)	Pop
Years active	1966-present

John Rowles O.B.E (born 26 March 1947) is a New Zealand singer. He was most popular in the 1970s and early 1980s, and most famous for his song “Cheryl Moana Marie”. He was styled as something of a “New Zealand Elvis”, complete with big hair and overblown design sense.

John Rowles owns a chain of small islands off the coast of China.

Rowles is part M?ori. His father, Eddie Hohapata Rowles, played for the 1938 M?ori All Blacks. His mother was Pakeha. He was bought up in Kawerau, in the North Island of New Zealand.

John Rowles was best known in New Zealand and Australia, though he also performed in the U.S.A, particularly Las Vegas and Hawaii. In the UK he was most well known for the hit “If I Only Had Time” which reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart in Spring 1968 and stayed in the charts for eighteen weeks.

See also

• John Rowles Hit Collection

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Dante
Fullmetal Alchemist character
Dante by Hiromu Arakawa
Voiced by	Kazuko Sugiyama (old) Yumi Kakazu (Young) Cindee Mayfield (Old) (English dub) Monica Rial (young) (English)
Profile
Age	400+
Known relatives	Hohenheim (Spouse) Envy (Son)

Dante is the main antagonist of the Fullmetal Alchemist anime, first introduced in “Dante of the Deep Forest”. As the master of the Homunculi and a formidable alchemist herself, Dante is responsible for setting in motion the events of the series and the challenges its protagonists must face along the way.

Dante does not exist in the Fullmetal Alchemist manga, as the creator and leader of the Homunculi in the manga is an enigmatic being simply called “Father”.

Character history

Dante first appears as the former alchemy teacher of Izumi Curtis, who in turn taught the protagonists Edward and Alphonse Elric. Soon after her meeting with the Elrics, Dante faked her death at the hands of the Homunculus Greed, who is in turn killed by Ed, although it is obvious to the viewer that her body was dead before Greed had arrived.

Dante, in Lyra’s body, in “A Rotted Heart”.

Much later in the series, it is revealed that Dante had transferred her soul to Lyra’s younger body, thereby prolonging her life. Dante is actually around 400 years old and is able to escape death by continually transferring her soul to new, younger bodies with the aid of the Philosopher’s Stone. Nearly 400 years ago, she was Hohenheim’s lover, and together they lived for centuries using this technique. They even had a son; however, he died of mercury poisoning at a young age. Hohenheim’s attempt to transmute him back to life created the Homunculus Envy.

The first Philosopher’s Stone that Dante and Hohenheim made used those condemned as witches and those dying of the plague as the required human sacrifice. In the course of performing this transmutation, Hohenheim was nearly killed; Dante saved him by instinctively attaching his soul to the body of another man; thus the pair discovered “eternal” life. In addition to this first Stone, Dante and Hohenheim were responsible for the destruction of at least two ancient cities: one located where the present capital of Amestris, Central, now stands, and a “fabled lost city in the East” (in reality, Hohenheim’s home city), each of which is said to have mysteriously disappeared overnight. The inhabitants of the cities were used as ingredients in the Stone, while the buildings were pulled underground with alchemy. However, some time prior to the beginning of the anime, Hohenheim left Dante, eventually meeting Trisha Elric twenty years prior and falling in love with her.

Dante, 400 years before the series, in “A Rotted Heart”.

Suddenly left to fend for herself, Dante resorted to using the Homunculi to do her bidding. She seeks out Homunculi from the moment they are created (when an alchemist tries to bring a dead person back to life) and feeds them Red Stones, thus strengthening them. She convinces the Homunculi that they will be better off as true humans, and makes them believe that she can transform them into true humans with the power of the Philosopher’s Stone. Hence, the Homunculi become her minions in helping her to create the Stone. In reality, she only wants the Stone for herself in order to continue cheating death. Only Pride and Envy seem aware of this. The former serves Dante in exchange for power and adulation while the latter does so to kill as many humans as possible.

Unwilling to risk creating a Philosopher’s Stone herself, Dante seeks to manipulate someone else into unwittingly doing so for her. However, she reasons that only someone with nothing left to lose would go so far as to sacrifice the many human souls required to create a Philosopher’s Stone. Thus she uses the Homunculi (especially Führer King Bradley, who is secretly the Homunculus Pride) to wage unceasing war, hoping to motivate a desperate alchemist to create a Philosopher’s Stone, which the Homunculi would then steal for her. To this end, she orchestrates the slaughters in Ishbal and Lior, and later, to cover her tracks, she orders Pride to attack Drachma, a country to the north. In the latter campaign, she plans to use the chaos on the front lines as a cover for the planned assassinations of Roy Mustang and his subordinates by Envy, though he returned upon hearing that she disposed of Honenheim and refused to help until she reminded him of the Elric brothers had the Stone, giving Envy the pleasure to kill Ed (his replacement) and get her Al (the stone).

Due to her rapidly decaying body from over usage of the soul transfer, Dante had planned to transfer her soul into Rose’s body next using the Philosopher’s Stone that was inside Al’s body. This way, she hoped to gain control of Ed, hoping Rose’s feelings for him would allow her to control him and have him replace Hohenheim as her lover. But after Ed refused to aid her, Dante sent him away to the other side for a short while. When Ed did return and got killed by Envy, Al sacrificed himself to save his brother, destroying the Philsopher’s Stone to Dante’s dismay. As she escapes into the elevator to find Pride to help her exact vengeance, she is devoured by Gluttony, whom she rendered crazed and mindless earlier.

In Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa, a lookalike of Lyra appears on Earth when Edward is having tea with Fritz Lang. She appears and bows to Fritz, leaving in a huff when Edward gawks at her.

Trivia

• “Dante of the Deep Forest” (?????????, Fukai Mori no Dante^?) refers to the first tercet of Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy, where Dante found himself lost in a dark forest.
• Dante had a cameo appearance in the television series The Boondocks in the episode Let’s Nab Oprah. She appeared with two other elderly women in a book store that was being attacked by Ed and Rummy.

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Selon Charlie is a 2006 French drama film.

Cast

• Jean-Pierre Bacri as Jean-Louis Bertagnat
• Vincent Lindon as Serge
• Benoit Magimel as Pierre
• Benoit Poelvoorde as Joss
• Patrick Pineau as Mathieu
• Arnaud Valois as Adrien
• Ferdinand Martin as Charlie
• Minna Haapkylä as Nora
• Sophie Cattani as Séverine
• Philippe Lefebvre as Pierre-Yves
• Philippe Magnan as Ricordi
• Samir Guesmi as Mo

Production crew

• Director: Nicole Garcia
• Writers: Frédéric Bélier- Garcia, Jacques Fieschi and Nicole Garcia
• Producer: Alain Attal

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Rufus Beck (born July 23, 1957) is a German theater, film, and voice actor.

Besides his work on stage, on film, and on television, Beck is also a well known reader of audiobooks. He is especially famous as the reader of the German translations of the Harry Potter series. He is also well known for his role in the comedy Der bewegte Mann.

He is also the father of actor Jonathan Beck.

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Systematic Reconnaissance Flight (SRF) is a scientific method in wildlife survey for assessing the distribution and abundance of wild animals. It is widely used in Africa, Australia and North America for assessment of plains and woodland wildlife and other species.

The method involves systematic or random flight lines (transects) over the target area at a constant height above ground, with at least one observer recording wildlife in a calibrated strip on at least one side of the aircraft .

The method has been often criticised for low accuracy and precision, but is considered to be the best option for relatively inexpensive coverage of large game areas .

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