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Cristiana Capotondi

Sunday, January 4th, 2009

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Prefecture level city

Sunday, January 4th, 2009

Administrative divisions
of the People’s Republic
of China

This article is part of the
Political divisions of China
series
Province level
Provinces
Autonomous regions
Municipalities
Special Administrative
Regions (SARs)
Prefecture level
Prefectures
Autonomous prefectures
Prefecture-level cities
Sub-provincial cities
Leagues
County level
Counties
Autonomous counties
County-level cities
Sub-prefecture-level cities
City districts
Banners
Autonomous banners
Township level
Townships (ethnic)
Sumu (ethnic)
Towns
Subdistricts
County districts
(defunct)

A prefecture-level city (Chinese: ???; pinyin: dìjí shì; literally “region-level city”) or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People’s Republic of China, ranking below a province and above a county in China’s administrative structure. Prefecture-level cities form the second level of the administrative structure (alongside prefectures, leagues and autonomous prefectures). Since the 1980s, prefecture-level cities have mostly replaced the prefecture administrative unit.


A road sign shows distance to “Huangshi urban area” (????) rather than simply “Huangshi” (??). This is a useful distinction, because the sign is located already within Huangshi prefecture-level city (immediately upon entering its Yangxin County from the neighboring Xianning), but still 100 km from Huangshi main urban area.

A prefecture-level city is not a “city” in the strictest sense of the term, but instead an administrative unit comprising, typically, both an urban core (a city in the strict sense) and surrounding rural or less-urbanized areas usually many times the size of the central, built-up core. Prefecture-level cities nearly always contain multiple counties, county-level cities, and other such sub-divisions. This results from the fact that the formerly predominant prefectures, which prefecture-level cities have mostly replaced, were themselves large administrative units containing cities, smaller towns, and rural areas. To distinguish a prefecture-level city from its actual urban area (city in the strict sense), the term ?? shìq? (”urban area”), is used.

The first prefecture-level cities were created on 5 November 1983. Over the following two decades, prefecture-level cities have come to replace the vast majority of Chinese prefectures; the process is still ongoing.

Most provinces are composed entirely or nearly entirely of prefecture-level cities. Of the 22 provinces and 5 autonomous regions of China, only 3 provinces (Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai) and 2 autonomous regions (Xinjiang, Tibet) have more than three second-level or prefecture-level divisions that are not prefecture-level cities.

Criteria that a prefecture of China must meet to become a prefecture-level city:

  • An urban centre with a non-rural population over 250,000
  • gross output of value of industry of 200,000,000 RMB
  • the output of tertiary industry supersedes that of primary industry
  • Over 35% of the GDP

Baoding (Hebei Province), Zhoukou (Henan), Nanyang (Henan), and Linyi (Shandong) are the largest prefecture-level cities, exceeding the population of Tianjin, the least populous municipality.

15 large prefecture-level cities have been granted the status of sub-provincial city, which gives them much greater autonomy.

A sub-prefecture-level city is a county-level city with powers approaching those of prefecture-level cities.

Cartographic expression and statistics

In most European or North American countries there a clear distinction between “cities” and counties, prefectures, etc. The former are typically thought of as a “point” objects, and shown on maps with a circle or other such scale-less sign; the latter, if shown at all, are shown as areas with clearly defined borders. The distinction is obvious, since e.g. Bloomington, Indiana or Penticton, British Columbia are always thought of as distinct objects from, respectively, Monroe County, Indiana or the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen for which they are their respective seats of governments. In China, however, the same name (e.g., ??? (Xianning Shi) in Chinese, or Xianning in English) are used to refer both to an entire “prefecture-level city” and to its urban core (what one would call a “city” in Europe or North America). This results in somewhat different mapping conventions used in China vs. most other countries.

Typically, a less detailed map - one that does not show administrative divisions below the provincial level - would merely mark the location of the urban core (or, more precisely, that of the city government) with a circle, just like cities are shown on a map of a European or American country. The circle would be labeled with the name of the city (e.g. ??? (Xianning Shi) in Chinese, or Xianning in English) rather than, for example, that of the district within which the urban core may be located. The same map may also show other sufficiently large populated places within the same prefecture-level city, labeling them based on what third-level administrative units they correspond to. For example, along with Xianning, a map may show Tongshan without indicating in any way that administratively, the latter is part of the former.

A more detailed map (e.g., a typical provincial map) would also show the border of each second-level administrative unit (such as a prefecture-level city), much like an American county may be shown on a US state map. In this case, the same unit name (such as ???, Xianning ) would be used to label the entire area. Within it, division of the second-level unit into the third-level unit may be shown as well.

This convention may sometimes make it difficult to identify places mentioned in older sources with places shown on modern maps. For example, Guo Moruo tells in his autobiography that he was born in the small town of Shawan, Leshan Prefecture, and attended primary school in Jiading, the main town of the prefecture. A typical modern map is unlikely to show either town: Shawan, because it’s too small, and Jiading, because it is the seat of government for the today’s prefecture-level city of Leshan, and thus is marked on a modern map by a circle labeled “Leshan”. A more detailed map (or Google Maps) would show Shawan District within Leshan, but, most likely, no Jiading per se - just Jiading Street (???) within Leshan’s urban area.

Chinese statistical data (area, population, industrial production value, etc) are typically reported for the entire prefecture-level city, as well as for its constituent third-level units. Thus, a person not familiar with these conventions may be surprised to learn that a comparatively little known city of Huangshi, Hubei, has 2.5 million residents - more than most European capital cities - until he realizes that this number corresponds to an entire prefecture-level area of almost 100 km across, covering several places (such as Daye) that are described as (county-level) “cities” in their own right. Even if the reader has a map and the data for individual third-level units, arriving to the population count for the actual main urban area of a prefecture-level city may not be easy, because it may be split between several districts, some of which may stretch far out into the rural area as well.

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Great Observatories program

Sunday, January 4th, 2009

NASA’s series of Great Observatories satellites are four large, powerful space-based telescopes. Each of the Great Observatories has had a similar size and cost at program outset, and each has made a substantial contribution to astronomy. The four missions each examined a region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which it was particularly suited.

Contents

  • 1 Great Observatories
  • 2 History of the program
    • 2.1 Optical telescope program
    • 2.2 Gamma ray program
    • 2.3 Chandra history
    • 2.4 Spitzer history
    • 2.5 Great Observatory origin
  • 3 Strengths
  • 4 Impact
  • 5 Synergies
  • 6 Successors to GO instruments
  • 7 Later programs
  • 8 Gallery
  • 9 See also
  • 10 External links

Great Observatories

  • The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) primarily observes visible light and near-ultraviolet. A 1997 servicing mission added capability in the near-infrared range. It was launched in 1990 aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery during mission STS-31.
  • The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) primarily observed gamma rays, though it extended into hard x-rays as well. It was launched in 1991 aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-37. It was deorbited in 2000 after failure of a gyroscope.
  • The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) was initially named the Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility (AXAF). It primarily observes soft x-rays. It was launched in 1999 aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia during STS-93.
  • The Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) was called the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) before launch. It observes the infrared spectrum, and was launched in 2003 aboard a Delta II rocket.

Of these satellites, only the Compton is not operating; one of its gyroscopes failed, and NASA ordered it to be de-orbited on June 4, 2000. Parts which survived reentry splashed into the Pacific Ocean. Hubble was originally intended to be retrieved and returned to Earth by the Space Shuttle, but retrieval plan was later abandoned. On October 31, 2006 NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin gave the go-ahead for a final refurbishment mission. The 11-day STS-125 mission by Atlantis, scheduled for launch on 12 May 2009, will install fresh batteries, replace all gyroscopes, and install Wide Field Camera 3 and the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph.

Spitzer was the only one of the Great Observatories not launched by the Space Shuttle. It was originally intended to be, but after the Challenger disaster, the Centaur LH2/LOX upper stage that would have been required to push it into a heliocentric orbit was banned from Shuttle use. Titan and Atlas rockets were cancelled for cost reasons. After redesign and lightening, it was launched by a Delta II rocket instead.

History of the program

Optical telescope program

The history of the Hubble Space Telescope can be traced back as far as 1946, when the astronomer Lyman Spitzer wrote the paper Astronomical advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory. Spitzer devoted much of his career to pushing for a space telescope to be developed.

The 1966-72 Orbiting Astronomical Observatory missions demonstrated the important role space-based observations could play in astronomy, and 1968 saw the development by NASA of firm plans for a space-based reflecting telescope with a mirror 3 m in diameter, known provisionally as the Large Orbiting Telescope or Large Space Telescope (LST), with a launch slated for 1979. Congress eventually approved funding of US$36,000,000 for 1978, and the design of the LST began in earnest, aiming for a launch date of 1983. During the early 1980s, the telescope was named after Edwin Hubble.

Gamma ray program

Gamma rays had been examined above the atmosphere by several early space missions. During its High Energy Astronomy Observatory Program in 1977, NASA announced plans to build a “great observatory” for gamma-ray astronomy. The Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO), renamed Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), was designed to take advantage of the major advances in detector technology during the 1980s. Following 14 years of effort, the CGRO was launched on 5 April 1991.

Chandra history

In 1976 the Chandra X-ray Observatory (called AXAF at the time) was proposed to NASA by Riccardo Giacconi and Harvey Tananbaum. Preliminary work began the following year at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO). In the meantime, in 1978, NASA launched the first imaging X-ray telescope, Einstein (HEAO-2), into orbit. Work continued on the Chandra project through the 1980s and 1990’s. In 1992, to reduce costs, the spacecraft was redesigned. Four of the twelve planned mirrors were eliminated, as were two of the six scientific instruments. Chandra’s planned orbit was changed to an elliptical one, reaching one third of the way to the Moon’s at its farthest point. This eliminated the possibility of improvement or repair by the space shuttle but put the observatory above the Earth’s radiation belts for most of its orbit.

Spitzer history

By the early 1970s, astronomers began to consider the possibility of placing an infrared telescope above the obscuring effects of Earth’s atmosphere. Most of the early concepts, envisioned repeated flights aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. This approach was developed in an era when the Shuttle program was presumed to be capable of supporting weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. In 1979, a National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences report, A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s, identified a Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) as “one of two major astrophysics facilities for Spacelab,” a Shuttle-borne platform.

The launch of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, an Explorer-class satellite designed to conduct the first infrared survey of the sky led to anticipation of an instrument using new infrared detector technology. By September 1983 NASA was considering the “possibility of a long duration SIRTF mission.” The 1985 Spacelab-2 flight aboard STS-51-F confirmed the Shuttle environment was not well suited to an onboard infrared telescope, and a free-flying design was better. The first word of the name was changed from Shuttle so it would be called the Space Infrared Telescope Facility.

Great Observatory origin

The concept of a Great Observatory program was developed in the mid-1980s by Charles Pellerin, NASA’s Director of Astrophysics, working with Astronomer Martin Harwitt. Harlan James Smith, the chairperson of the NASA Space Science Board, also participated in defining the program. Harwit pointed out in 1981 that many discoveries in astronomy were due to improved reception of the electromagnetic spectrum and recommended that NASA extend coverage of the electromagnetic spectrum. NASA’s “Great Observatories” program used four separate satellites, each designed to cover a different part of the spectrum in ways which terrestrial systems could not. This perspective enabled the proposed X-ray and InfraRed observatories to be appropriately seen as a continuation of the astronomical program begun with Hubble and CGRO rather than competitors or replacements.

Strengths

Each observatory was designed to push the state of technology in its intended wavelength region. As x-rays, gamma-rays and far-infrared radiation do not pass through the Earth’s atmosphere, space missions were essential for the Compton, Chandra and Spitzer observatories.

Hubble also benefits from being above the atmosphere, as the atmosphere blurs ground-based observations of very faint objects, decreasing spatial resolution (however brighter objects can be imaged in much higher resolution than Hubble from the ground using astronomical interferometers). Larger, ground-based telescopes have only recently matched Hubble in resolution for near-infrared wavelengths of faint objects. Being above the atmosphere eliminates the problem of airglow, allowing Hubble to make observations of ultrafaint objects. Ground-based telescopes cannot compensate for airglow on ultrafaint objects, and so very faint objects require unwieldy and inefficient exposure times. Hubble can also observe at ultraviolet wavelengths which do not penetrate the atmosphere.

Compton observed in gamma rays, which do not penetrate the lower atmosphere. It was much larger than any gamma-ray instruments flown on the previous HEAO missions, opening entirely new areas of observation. It had four instruments covering the 20 keV to 30 GeV energy range, which complemented each other’s sensitivities, resolutions, and fields of view. Gamma rays are emitted by various high-energy and high-temperature sources, such as black holes, pulsars, and supernovae.

Chandra similarly had no ground predecessors. It followed the three NASA HEAO Program satellites, notably the highly successful Einstein Observatory, which was the first to demonstrate the power of grazing-incidence, focusing X-ray optics, giving spatial resolution an order of magnitude better than collimated instruments (comparable to optical telescopes), with an enormous improvement in sensitivity. Chandra’s large size, high orbit, and sensitive CCDs allowed observations of very faint x-ray sources.

Spitzer also observes at wavelength largely inaccessible to ground telescopes. It was preceded in space by NASA’s smaller IRAS mission and ESA’s large ISO telescope. Spitzer’s instruments took advantage of the rapid advances in infrared detector technology since IRAS, combined with its large aperture, favorable fields of view, and long life. Science returns have been accordingly outstanding. Infrared observations are necessary for very distant astronomical objects where all the visible light is redshifted to infrared wavelengths, for cool objects which emit little visible light, and for regions optically obscured by dust.

Impact

All four telescopes have had a substantial impact on astronomy. The opening up of new wavebands to high resolution, high sensitivity observations by the Compton, Chandra and Spitzer has revolutionized our understanding of a wide range of astronomical objects, and has led to the detection of thousands of new, interesting objects. Hubble has had a much larger public and media impact than the other telescopes, although at optical wavelengths Hubble has provided a more modest improvement in sensitivity and resolution over existing instruments. Hubble’s capability for uniform high-quality imaging of any astronomical object at any time has allowed accurate surveys and comparisons of large numbers of astronomical objects. The Hubble Deep Field observations have been very important for studies of distant galaxies, as they provide rest-frame ultraviolet images of these objects with a similar number of pixels across the galaxies as previous ultraviolet images of closer galaxies, allowing direct comparison. The James Webb Space Telescope will provide an even greater step forward, providing rest-frame visible light images of even more distant galaxies which can be directly compared with images of nearby galaxies at visible light wavelengths.

Synergies

Aside from inherent mission capabilities (particularly sensitivities, which cannot be replicated by ground observatories), the Great Observatories program allows missions to interact for greater science return. Different objects shine in different wavelengths, but training two or more observatories on an object allows a deeper understanding.

High-energy studies (in x-rays and gamma rays) have had only moderate imaging resolutions so far. Studying x-ray and gamma-ray objects with Hubble, as well as Chandra and Compton, gives accurate size and positional data. In particular, Hubble’s resolution can often discern whether the target is a standalone object, or part of a parent galaxy, and if a bright object is in the nucleus, arms, or halo of a spiral galaxy. Similarly, the smaller aperture of Spitzer means that Hubble can add finer spatial information to a Spitzer image.

Ultraviolet studies with Hubble also reveal the temporal states of high-energy objects. X-rays and gamma rays are harder to detect with current technologies than visible and ultraviolet. Therefore, Chandra and Compton needed long integration times to gather enough photons. However, objects which shine in x-rays and gamma rays can be small, and can vary on timescales of minutes or seconds. Such objects then call for followup with Hubble or the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, which can measure details in angular seconds or fractions of a second, due to different designs.

The ability of Spitzer to see through dust and thick gases is good for galactic nuclei observations. Massive objects at the hearts of galaxies shine in x-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves, but infrared studies into these clouded regions can reveal the number and positions of objects.

Hubble, meanwhile, has neither the field of view nor the available time to study all interesting objects. Worthwhile targets are often found with ground telescopes, which are cheaper, or with smaller space observatories, which are sometimes expressly designed to cover large areas of the sky. Also, the other three Great Observatories have found interesting new objects, which merit diversion of Hubble.

One example of observatory synergy is solar system and asteroid studies. Small bodies, such as small moons and asteroids, are too small and/or distant to be directly resolved even by Hubble; their image appears as a diffraction pattern determined by brightness, not size. However, the minimum size can be deduced by Hubble through knowledge of the body’s albedo. The maximum size can be determined by Spitzer through knowledge of the body’s temperature, which is largely known from its orbit. Thus, the body’s true size is bracketed. Further spectroscopy by Spitzer can determine the chemical composition of the object’s surface, which limits its possible albedos, and therefore sharpens the low size estimate.

At the opposite end of the cosmic distance ladder, observations made with Hubble, Spitzer and Chandra have been combined in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey to yield a multi-wavelength picture of galaxy formation and evolution in the early Universe.

  • Late 1991: Operation of both Hubble and Compton
  • Late 1999: Operation of Hubble, Compton, and Chandra
  • Mid 2000: Operation of both Hubble and Chandra
  • Late 2003-2008 (projected): Operation of Hubble, Chandra, and Spitzer
  • Beyond 2008: Final servicing of Hubble in 2008, followed by operation beyond projected lifetime of other two telescopes.

Successors to GO instruments

  • James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) - the JWST, previously known as the NGST (Next Generation Space Telescope) is projected to replace Hubble (HST) around 2013. Its segmented, deployable mirror will be over twice as large, increasing angular resolution noticeably, and sensitivity dramatically. Unlike Hubble, JWST will observe in the infrared, in order to penetrate dust at cosmological distances. This means it will continue some Spitzer capabilities, while some Hubble capabilities will be lost. New advances in ground telescopes will take over some visible observations, but fewer in ultraviolet.
  • GLAST, the Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope, is a follow-on to Compton launched on 2008-06-11. GLAST is more narrowly defined, and much smaller; it will carry only one main instrument and a secondary experiment. Other missions, such as HETE-2, launched in 2000, and Swift, launched in 2004, will complement GLAST. The Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), launched in 2002, observes in some Compton and Chandra wavelengths, but is pointed at the Sun at all times. Occasionally it observes high-energy objects which happen to be in the view around the Sun.
  • Another large, high-energy observatory is INTEGRAL, Europe’s INTErnational Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, launched in 2002. It observes in similar frequencies to Compton. But INTEGRAL uses a fundamentally different telescope technology, coded-aperture masks. Thus, its capabilities are complementary to Compton and GLAST, not a direct replacement.
  • Spitzer has no direct successor planned. However, JWST will exceed its performance in near-infrared, and the European Space Agency’s Herschel Space Observatory will exceed it in the far-infrared when launched around Spring 2009. The SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy) airborne platform will observe in near- and mid-infrared. SOFIA will have a larger aperture than Spitzer, but at lower relative sensitivities in restricted duty cycles. Also, smaller space missions will perform specialized infrared observations.
  • Constellation-X - A mission to perform extremely sensitive x-ray observations, beginning around 2016. This is not a direct replacement for Chandra; Chandra is optimized for high angular resolution. Constellation-X is more of a follow-on to the XMM-Newton mission, which trades resolution for sensitivity. Constellation-X may be several times to several dozen times more sensitive than Chandra. It will also extend further into the hard x-ray regions, giving it some abilities of Compton.

Note that none of these missions are designed for Shuttle launch, or manned servicing. Most are in orbits beyond the Shuttle’s capability, to allow new observing modes.

Later programs

  • The Beyond Einstein program will seek to develop new areas of science. Constellation-X and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) have been referred to by NASA as the Einstein Great Observatories, to differentiate them from the current generation. However, they are not a part of the Great Observatories program.
  • The International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative, in the spirit of the Great Observatories program, is a group of instruments to study the Sun and related electromagnetic phenomena near Earth.

Gallery

See also

  • Space observatory
  • Terrestrial Planet Finder
  • Beyond Einstein program

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/hst_sm4/index.html

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USS Flusser (DD-368)

Sunday, January 4th, 2009

USS Flusser (DD-368)
Career (US) United States Navy ensign
Namesake: Charles W. Flusser
Builder: Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
Laid down: 4 June 1934
Launched: 28 September 1935
Commissioned: 1 October 1936
Decommissioned: 16 December 1946
Struck: 7 April 1947
Fate: sold 6 January 1948
General characteristics
Class and type: Mahan class destroyer
Displacement: 1,600 tons
Length: 341 ft 4 in (104.04 m)
Beam: 36 ft (10.97 m)
Draft: 9 ft 10 in (3 m)
Speed: 37 knots (69 km/h)
Complement: 168 officers and crew
Armament: As Built:
1 x Gun director above bridge,
5 x 5″(127mm)/38cal DP (5×1),
12 x 21″ (533 mm) T Tubes (3×4),
4 x .50cal(12.7mm) MG AA (4×1),
2 x Depth Charge stern racks,
c1944:
1 x Mk33 Gun Fire Control System,
4 × 5″(127mm)/38cal DP (4×1),
12 × 21″ (533 mm) T Tubes (3×4),
2 x Mk51 Gun Directors,
4 x Bofors 40 mm AA (2×2),
6 x Oerlikon 20 mm AA (6×1),
2 x Depth Charge roll-off stern racks,
4 x K-gun depth charge projectors

The fourth USS Flusser (DD-368) was a Mahan-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Charles W. Flusser.

Contents

  • 1 History
  • 2 World War II
    • 2.1 1944 - 1945
  • 3 Fate
  • 4 References
  • 5 External links

History

Flusser was launched 28 September 1935 by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Kearny, New Jersey; sponsored by Mrs. F. W. Packard; and commissioned 1 October 1936, Commander F. L. Lowe in command.

Flusser sailed from New York 1 December 1936 for a shakedown cruise which found her operating with Squadron 40-T, a unit formed to protect American interests in the Western Mediterranean during the Spanish Civil War. She returned to Hampton Roads 9 February 1937, and for the next 5 months operated along the east coast as far north as Maine. On 16 July, she arrived at San Diego, California, her base for Pacific and Caribbean operations until October 1939, aside from a 2-week visit to Washington earlier that year.

World War II

Based on Pearl Harbor, she took part in intensive training operations with ships of all types, and on 5 December 1941 put to sea screening Lexington (CV-2). Thus away from base at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Flusser’s force sought the retiring Japanese after the attack, then returned to their devastated home port 12 December. Through April 1942, Flusser sailed on convoy escort duty between Pearl Harbor and the west coast, then cleared for Palmyra Atoll, where on 21 April she landed a small marine garrison. Continuing on, she began a period of escort and patrol service out of various southwest Pacific ports, on several occasions putting in to Australian ports.

Overhauled at Pearl Harbor between July 1942 and February 1943, Flusser returned to escort, antisubmarine, and training operations in the southern Solomon Islands. After replenishing at Pearl Harbor between 25 July and 4 August 1942, Flusser returned to Efate 17 August to resume escort and patrol operations to the Fiji Islands, Espiritu Santo, Samoa, and Tonga, returning to Pearl Harbor for overhaul between September and February 1943. Once more at Espiritu Santo 17 February, Flusser again escorted convoys of auxiliaries as well as warships among southwest Pacific bases, to and from Australia, and to Guadalcanal. She returned from Australia to Milne Bay 22 August, and based here for the New Guinea operation. Participating in the landings at Lae and Finschhafen, she conducted preinvasion bombardment, gave fire support cover to the assaults, escorted reinforcement and re-supply convoys, and on 22 September, attacked and sank three Japanese barges at Finschhafen. Flusser next participated in the bombardment and landing at Arawe, New Britain, and had similar duty in the occupation of Cape Gloucester and Saidor.

1944 - 1945

From 11 January 1944 to 30 January, Flusser had a brief overhaul; she then took part in exercises in Australian waters, returning to Milne Bay for duty escorting convoys to Saidor and Cape Gloucester, and taking part in the landings on Los Negros, Admiralty Islands. Her constant activity in the New Guinea area made a west coast overhaul imperative, and she received this at Mare Island between April and June.

Departing Pearl Harbor 1 August 1944, Flusser escorted a convoy to Eniwetok, and arrived at Majuro 16 August for 6 weeks of duty patrolling off the bypassed Japanese-held atolls in the southern Marshall Islands. On 7 September, in an engagement with a shore battery on Wotje, nine of her men were wounded. Leaving Majuro 1 October on escort duty to Eniwetok, Ulithi, and Hollandia, she sailed north for San Pedro Bay, arriving 29 October for patrol duty in Leyte Gulf and Surigao Strait. On 18 November, she shot down a kamikaze plane, which crashed so close aboard that the pilot’s parachute landed on the ship’s forecastle.

Continuing her support of the Philippines operation, Flusser escorted reinforcement convoys to Leyte from Hollandia, and on 4 December 1944, received damage from the near miss of a Japanese suicide plane. A heavy air attack was launched at her group the next day, during which Flusser downed several planes, and rescued survivors of LSM-20 following a kamikaze attack. The destroyer sailed from Leyte 6 December to cover the landings at Ormoc Bay, and next day her group was attacked by the first of many waves of suicide planes. Flusser shot down at least one of these, and aided survivors of stricken ships, screening Lamson (DD-367) back to San Pedro.

Flusser sailed to Hollandia and Biak to prepare for the Lingayen operation, and arrived in Lingayen Gulf escorting the second group of reinforcements 13 January 1945. She covered the landings at Nasugbu on 31 January, then participated in the assault at Puerto Princesa, Palawan, as well as convoying escort forces between Leyte, Mindoro, and Palawan.

Flusser remained in the Philippines, joining in the landings on Cebu 26 March 1945 and escorting support convoys to that island, then escorted resupply convoys from Morotai to Polloc Harbor and Davao Gulf until 1 July. She participated in the Balikpapan operation, covering the landings, and escorting ships from Morotai, until 20 July, when she arrived at Manila. After brief overhaul, she sailed 31 August for escort duty to Okinawa, then arrived at Sasebo 16 September for occupation duty. Her officers served on teams inspecting Japanese naval and merchant shipping at Sasebo until 29 October, when the destroyer departed for San Diego, arriving 19 November.

Fate

During the summer of 1946, Flusser took part in Operation Crossroads, the atomic weapons tests in the Marshalls. She returned to Pearl Harbor from this duty 14 September, and on 12 November arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, where she was decommissioned 16 December 1946 and sold 6 January 1948.

Flusser received eight battle stars for World War II service.

References

  • This article includes text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.

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Mahmud Tukur

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009

Mahmud Tukur is a Nigerian politician and former minister for Commerce and Industry during the administration of General Buhari. He was the first Vice Chancellor of Bayero University, Kano and also a former director of Cadbury Nigeria. Tukur’s enviable position and competence displayed as the Vice Chancellor of Bayero University increased his public profile in Northern Nigeria. He became friends with contemporaries such as Mamman Daura, Adamu Ciroma, Hamza Rafindadi Zayyad to form a small clique of policy advocates in Northern Nigeria. He is also the chairman of fukarabe industries

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HMS C23

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009

HMS C23 was a British C class submarine built by Vickers, Barrow. She was laid down on 7 February 1908 and was commissioned on 5 May 1909.

HMS C23 was sold on 5 December 1920.

External links

  • MaritimeQuest HMS C-23 Pages

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Ring dove (disambiguation)

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009
Ringneck Dove

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Genus: Streptopelia
Species: S. risoria
Binomial name
Streptopelia risoria
Linnaeus, 1758


Barbary dove eggs on 1 cm grid

The Ringneck Dove, Ring Dove, or Barbary Dove, Streptopelia risoria, is a domestic member of the dove family (Columbidae).

Although the Ringneck Dove is normally assigned its own systematic name, as Streptopelia risoria, considerable doubt exists as to its appropriate classification. Some sources confidently assert that it is a domestic form of the Eurasian Collared Dove, S. decaocto, but the majority of evidence points to it being a domesticated form of the African Collared Dove, S. roseogrisea. It appears that it can hybridise freely with either species, and its status as a species must therefore be regarded as doubtful. However because of the wide use of both the common and systematic names, it is best to consider it separately from either of the putative parent species.

Ringneck Doves have been domesticated for 2000 to 3000 years. They are easily kept, and long-lived, in captivity, living for up to 12 years, and are noted for their gentle nature. In recent years they have been used extensively in biological research, particularly into the hormonal bases of reproductive behaviour, because their sequences of courtship, mating and parental behaviour have been accurately described and are highly consistent in form. Dove fanciers have bred them in a great variety of colours; the number of colours available has increased dramatically in the latter half of the twentieth century, and it is thought that this has been achieved by interbreeding with S. roseogrisea. Some of these doves carry a mutation that makes them completely white. These white ringnecks are most commonly used in magic acts and to symbolize peace.

The coo of the ringneck dove is created by muscles that vibrate air sent up from the dove’s lungs. These muscles belong to the fastest known class of vertebrate muscles, contracting as much as ten times faster than muscles vertebrates use for running. This class of muscles is usually found in high speed tissue such as a rattlesnake’s tail. Ringneck doves are the first bird species to have been found to have this class of muscle. (Elemans, et al., 2004)

Feral populations of Ringneck Doves establish themselves readily as a result of escapes from captivity, but they will merge with local populations of Collared Doves if they exist. There is a small feral population in Los Angeles, California, where neither S. decaocto nor S. roseogrisea is currently found.

However, they should not be released into the wild. Unfortunately, white Ringneck Doves are sometimes used for celebratory “dove releases.” This is not appropriate since Ringneck Doves released to the wild cannot readily survive, as they are not equipped to live wild in most of our climates, have no natural fear of predators, and have never learned to distinguish “natural” foods (see below for reference).

References

  • Elemans CP, Spierts IL, Muller UK, Van Leeuwen JL, Goller F (2004). “Bird song: superfast muscles control dove’s trill”. Nature 431 (7005): 146. doi:10.1038/431146a. 
  • Oliver, K. Wade (2005). Ringneck Doves: A Handbook of Care and Breeding. 
  • David Gibbs, Eustace Barnes, John Cox (2001). Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to Pigeons and Doves of the World. 
  • Michael W. Gos. (1989). “Doves.”
  • Dorothy Hinshaw Patent. (1997). “Pigeons.”
  • Doves and Pigeons as Pets Online Hobbyist.com, Inc. 2008

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Violotta

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009

Violotta
Classification *Bowed instruments
Related instruments * Ajaeng (Korea)

  • Anzad
  • Arpeggione
  • Banhu (China)
  • Baryton
  • Bazantar (United States)
  • Bowed psaltery
  • Cello
    • Electric cello
  • Cizhonghu (China)
  • Crwth
  • Dahu (China)
  • ?àn gáo (Vietnam)
  • Diyingehu (China)
  • Double bass
  • Erhu (China)
  • Erxian (China)
  • Esraj (India)
  • Fiddle (colloquial term for violin)
  • Gadulka (Bulgaria)
  • Gaohu (China)
  • Gehu (China)
  • Ghaychak (Iran)
  • Goje (Ghana)
  • Gudok (Russia)
  • Gusle
  • Haegeum (Korea)
  • Hardanger fiddle (Norway)
  • Huluhu (China)
  • Huqin (China)
  • Igil (Tuva)
  • Jinghu (China)
  • Kemenche (Turkey)
  • Knose (United States)
  • Kokyu (Japan)
  • Laruan (China)
  • Leiqin (China)
  • Lirone
  • Maguhu (China)
  • Masenqo (Ethiopia)
  • Morin khuur (Mongolia)
  • Nyckelharpa (Sweden)
  • Octobass
  • Psalmodikon
  • Rebab
  • Rebec
  • Sarangi (Nepal, Pakistan and India)
  • Sarinda (India)
  • Saw sam sai (Thailand)
  • Sihu (China)
  • Tro (Cambodia)
  • Trumpet marine or tromba marina
  • Vielle
  • Viol (viola da gamba)
    • Lyra viol
    • Violone
    • Division viol
    • Viola bastarda
  • Viola
  • Viola d’amore
  • Viola pomposa
  • Violin
    • Electric violin
    • Kit violin (Dancing master violin)
    • Stroh violin
    • Violin octet instruments
      • Vertical viola
  • Violotta
  • Yayl? tanbur (Turkey)
  • Yazheng (China)
  • Yehu (China)
  • Zhonghu (China)
  • Zhuihu (China)

A violotta is a tenor viola (or tenor violin) invented by the German luthier Alfred Stelzner and patented in 1891. It is tuned in G D A E, an octave below the violin. Other instruments called “tenor violin” were tuned a step lower: F C G D (a fifth below the viola).

It is rarely used by composers. One of the few works where it is used is the String Quintet in A by Felix Draeseke. It is also used in Max von Schillings’ opera Der Pfeifertag (1899).

References

  • Kory, Agnes (1994). “A Wider Role for the Tenor Violin?” The Galpin Society Journal, v. 47 (March 1994, pp. 123-153.
  • Segerman, Ephraim (1995). “The Name ‘Tenor Violin’.” The Galpin Society Journal, v. 48 (March 1995), pp. 181-187.

Discography

  • 1971? - Hurst, Alberta. Alberta Hurst, Tenor Violin. LP. Los Angeles, California: Crystal Records. (Contains music arranged for tenor violin by Boccherini, Bach, Telemann, and Gal.)

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Seton Hall University

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009

Seton Hall University

Motto: Hazard Zet Forward
Motto in English: Despite hazards, move forward
Established: 1856
Type: Private, Roman Catholic, Sea-grant
Endowment: $261 million
President: Msgr. Robert Sheeran
Staff: 860
Undergraduates: 5,245
Postgraduates: 4,500
Location: South Orange, New Jersey, United States
Campus: 58 acres (23 ha)
Sports: Seton Hall Pirates
17 varsity teams
Colors: Blue and white          
Mascot: Pirate
Website: www.shu.edu

Seton Hall University is a private Roman Catholic university in South Orange, New Jersey. Founded in 1856 by Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley, Seton Hall is the oldest diocesan university in the United States. Seton Hall is also the oldest and largest Catholic university in the State of New Jersey. The university is known for its programs in business, law, education, nursing, and diplomacy, as well as its basketball team.

Seton Hall is made up of nine different schools and colleges with an undergraduate enrollment of about 5,200 students and a graduate enrollment of about 4,500. Its School of Law, which is ranked by US News & World Report as one of the top law schools in the nation, has an enrollment of about 1,200 students. For 2009, BusinessWeek’s “Colleges with the Biggest Returns” ranked Seton Hall among the top 50 universities in the nation that open doors to the highest salaries. Seton Hall’s Stillman School of Business is ranked 57 out of the top 100 undergraduate business schools according to Business Week.

The Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry was the first school of medicine in the State of New Jersey. The school was acquired by the state in 1965, and is now the New Jersey Medical School, part of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.

Contents

  • 1 History
    • 1.1 Early history
    • 1.2 College of Medicine and Dentistry
    • 1.3 Modernization period
    • 1.4 Boland Hall fire
    • 1.5 Sesquicentennial and onwards
  • 2 Governance
  • 3 Campus
    • 3.1 Main campus
    • 3.2 Newark Campus
    • 3.3 Buildings
  • 4 Academics
    • 4.1 Additions
  • 5 Traditions
    • 5.1 University seal
    • 5.2 Alma Mater
    • 5.3 Fight Song
  • 6 Student life
    • 6.1 Athletics
    • 6.2 Student media
    • 6.3 Greek-letter organizations
  • 7 People
    • 7.1 Notable alumni
    • 7.2 Notable faculty
  • 8 Notes and references
  • 9 External links

History

Early history


Founder Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley

Like many Catholic universities in the US, Seton Hall arose out of the Plenary Council of American Bishops, held in Baltimore in 1844, with the goal of bringing Catholicism to higher education in order to help propagate the faith. Seton Hall College was formally founded on September 1, 1856 by Archdiocese of Newark Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley, a cousin of President Theodore Roosevelt. Bishop Bayley named the institution after his aunt, Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton, who was the first American-born Catholic saint.

The main campus of the college was originally in Madison, New Jersey. Reverend Bernard J. McQuaid served as the first college president (1856–1857, 1859–1868) and directed a staff of four diocesan clergy including Reverend Alfred Young, vice-president; Reverend Daniel Fisher (the second college president, 1857–1859) and five lay instructors. Initially, Seton Hall had only five students – Leo G. Thebaud, Louis and Alfred Boisaubin, Peter Meehan and John Moore. By the end of the first year, the student body had grown more than tenfold to 54.


Postcard showing Stafford Hall, one of the first dormitories, in the late 19th century

By the 1860s, Seton Hall College was continuing its rapid growth and began to enroll more and more students each year. However, among other difficulties, several fires on campus slowed down the growth process. The first of several strange fires in the University’s history occurred in 1867 which destroyed the college’s first building. Two decades later on March 9, 1886, another fire destroyed the university’s main building. In the 20th century, another campus fire burned down a classroom as well as several dormitory buildings in 1909.

During the 19th century, despite setbacks, financially tight times and the American Civil War, the College continued to expand. Seton Hall opened a military science department (forerunner to the ROTC program) during the summer of 1893, but this program was ultimately disbanded during the Spanish-American War. Perhaps one of the most pivotal events in the history of Seton Hall came in 1897 when Seton Hall’s preparatory (high school) and college (undergraduate) divisions were permanently separated. By 1937, Seton Hall established a University College. This marked the first matriculation of women at Seton Hall. Seton Hall became fully coeducational in 1968. In 1948, Seton Hall was given a license by the FCC for WSOU-FM. Today, the station is considered by some as one of the leading college radio stations in the country <citation>.


President’s Hall, one of the university’s oldest buildings

The College was organized into a university in 1950 following an unprecedented growth in enrollment. The College of Arts and Sciences and the schools of business, nursing and education comprised the University; the School of Law opened its doors in 1951, with Miriam Rooney as the first woman dean of law in the United States.

College of Medicine and Dentistry

The Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry was established in 1954 as the first medical school and dental school in New Jersey. Although the College, set up under the auspices of the Archdiocese of Newark, was a separate legal entity from the University, it had an interlocking Board of Trustees. The first class was enrolled in 1956. The Jersey City Medical Center was used for clinical education. The College was acquired by the state of New Jersey in 1965 and renamed the New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry (now University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey). The first medical school class graduated in 1960. From 1960 to 1964, 348 individuals received an M.D. degree. The dental school also awarded its first degrees in 1960. The College was sold to the state of New Jersey for US$4 million after the Archdiocese of New Jersey could not support mounting school debt.

Modernization period

Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing in the next two decades, the university saw the construction and modernization of a large number of facilities and the construction of the library, science building, residence halls and the University center. Many new programs and majors were inaugurated, as were important social outreach efforts. New ties were established with the private and industrial sectors, and a growing partnership developed with federal and state governments in creating programs for the economically and educationally disadvantaged.

The 1970s and 1980s continued to be a time of growth and renewal. New business and nursing classroom buildings and an art center were opened. In 1984, the Immaculate Conception Seminary returned to Seton Hall, its original home until 1926, when it moved to Darlington (a section of Mahwah). The Recreation Center was dedicated in 1987. With the construction of four new residence halls between 1986 to 1988, and the purchase of an off-campus apartment building in 1990, the University made significant changes to account for a larger number of student residents. Seton Hall is recognized as a residential campus, providing living space for about 2100 students.

The physical development of the campus continued in the 1990s. The $20 million Walsh Library opened in 1994, and its first-class study and research resources marked the beginning of a technological transformation of Seton Hall. Kozlowski Hall (now Jubilee Hall), the University’s newest academic center dedicated in 1997, is a clear example of Seton Hall’s continued commitment to undergraduate education and the expanding role of information technology in higher education. All classrooms in this six-story, 126,000 square foot (12,000 m²) building are wired for network and Internet connections, and many of the lecture halls are equipped with distance-learning technology. Its recreation center was originally named after Robert Brennan, but he was found guilty of securities fraud in 1994. It has since been renamed for long-time athletic director Richie Regan.

A new School of Law building and parking garage were also constructed in the 1990s. Seton Hall continues to be a leader in technology in education, as well as in distance learning, with its renowned Seton World Wide program. In 1998, all incoming full-time, first-year students were issued laptop computers as part of the University’s innovative and nationally recognized mobile computing program.

Boland Hall fire

Main article: Boland Hall Fire

On January 19, 2000, an arson fire killed three and injured 54 students in Boland Hall, a freshman dormitory on the campus in South Orange. The incident, one of the deadliest in recent US history, occurred at 4:30am, when most students were asleep. After a three-and-a-half year investigation, a 60-count indictment charged two freshmen students, Sean Ryan and Joseph LePore, with starting the fire and felony murder for the deaths that resulted. LePore and Ryan plead guilty to third-degree arson and were sentenced to five years in a youth correctional facility with eligibility for parole 16 months after the start of their prison terms.

Sesquicentennial and onwards


Immaculate Conception Chapel, built during the American Civil War

Seton Hall alumni and community, on the 150th anniversary (1856–2006) of the university’s founding, initiated the Ever Forward capital campaign to raise a total of $150 million. The campaign is one of the most prestigious building campaigns in the University’s long history. The funds will go to many areas throughout the university, however, a majority will go to building and reconstructing campus facilities and historic sites.

Among the most notable objectives of the campaign, there will be a new site and complex for the University’s Whitehead School of Diplomacy. The University Center is also being planned to be rebuilt in a neo-gothic style to match other university buildings. Most recently, the rebuilding of the University’s Science and Technology Center began in 2005 and was scheduled to be unveiled just prior to the start of the 2007-2008 academic year.

In fall 2007, the university opened the new $35 million Science and Technology Center, completing one of the major campaign priorities ahead of schedule. On December 17, 2007, the university announced that the campaign’s fund raising goals had been met and exceeded over two weeks ahead of the campaign’s scheduled closing date.

Governance

The university, legally incorporated as “Seton Hall University, an educational corporation of New Jersey,” is governed by a 16-member Board of Trustees. Eleven members of the board serve on it as a virtue of their positions within the University or Archdiocese of Newark. The Archbishop of Newark, who serves as the President of the Board, retains the power to appoint the remaining five members of the body. Appointed members of the board serve three-year terms, until their respective successor is appointed. The Board of Trustees exclusively maintains the property rights of the university and provides selection of title, scope, and location of the schools and colleges of the university.

The governance of the university includes a Board of Regents, which is charged with the management of the university. The Board has a membership of between 25 and 39 members. Six of the members are ex-officio; the Board of Trustees maintains the right to elect up to thirty more. regents maintain the exclusive hiring authority over the President of the university, who, by virtue of the by-laws of the university, must always be a Roman Catholic priest and who is explicitly named the chief executive officer of the organization.

Campus

Main campus

Eugene V. Kelly Carriage House
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Location: 400 South Orange Ave.
South Orange, New Jersey
Architect: Baker, John E.
Added to NRHP: November 10, 1975
NRHP Reference#: 75001136
Governing body: Seton Hall University


A map from 1885 showing the Seton Hall College campus within the South Orange Village lines

The main campus of Seton Hall University is situated on 58 acres (23 ha) of suburban land on South Orange Avenue. It is home to seven of the eight schools and colleges of the University. The South Orange Village center is just ½ mile (0.8 km) south of the main campus. Directly across from the main campus to the west are scenic Montrose Park and the Montrose Park Historic District, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The village itself dates back to 1666 preceding the establishment of Seton Hall College. Since the beginning of the College, the South Orange Rail Station has served as an integral means to campus commuters. The main campus combines architectural styles including Roman, neo-gothic and modern. The South Orange campus became a gated community during the University’s Modernization Period.

Newark Campus

A satellite of the main campus, the Newark Campus is home to the University’s School of Law. Located at One Newark Center, the Law School and several academic centers of the University are housed in a modern 22-story skyscraper building. It is at the corner of Raymond Boulevard and McCarter Highway in Newark, New Jersey and was completed in 1991. The Newark Campus building provides 210,000 square feet (20,000 m2) and an additional 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) of library to the University.

The Seton Hall University School of Law was founded in 1951. It is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA) since 1951 and is also a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). Seton Hall is one of three law schools in the state of New Jersey.

For 2009, the U.S. News and World Report ranked the school 66th among the top 100 law schools in the nation. Its Health Law program, which also offers an L.L.M. degree, is ranked fourth in the nation. The school was also ranked as having one of the highest rates of employment at graduation placing 19th with 92.1% (and 97% after nine months).

Buildings

The original centerpieces of the campus were made up of three buildings built in the 19th century. The President’s, Stafford and Marshall Hall were built when the College moved from Madison, New Jersey to South Orange. Some of the more notable buildings on campus are:

  • Presidents Hall – One of the oldest buildings on campus and a flagship of the University, President’s Hall was completed in 1867. Located at the epicenter of the main campus, President’s Hall is a neo-gothic structure dressed in brownstone. It originally served as a seminary but now houses the University’s administration including the Office of the University President. The halls are lined with portraits of past University presidents and include a large stained glass depicting Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, which was commissioned in 1866 by President Bayley.
  • McQuaid Hall – Built around 1900, it was named for Bishop Bernard J. McQuaid, Seton Hall’s first President from 1856–1857 and 1859–1867. McQuaid Hall was both a boarding house for students and a convent for nuns before serving its present purpose as the home of the John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations as well as the Graduate School of Medical Education.
  • Jubilee Hall – Originally named Kozlowski Hall, after Dennis Kozlowski, who lated fell into disrepute after being convicted for securities fraud, the building was renamed at Kozlowski’s request to Jubilee Hall in honor of the Papal Jubilee. As one of the newer additions to the main campus, it was built in 1997. Jubilee Hall houses the W. Paul Stillman School of Business in addition to the largest auditorium at the University. There are several computer labs, state-of-the-art classrooms and a Stock Exchange research room.
  • Walsh Gymnasium is a multi-purpose arena for University Sports. The arena opened in 1939 and can seat 2,600 people. It was home to the Seton Hall University Pirates men’s basketball team before they moved to Continental Airlines Arena and then the Prudential Center. Currently, the arena hosts the women’s basketball and volleyball teams, and is part of the Richie Regan Recreation and Athletic Center. The building, like the school’s main library, is named for Thomas J. Walsh, Fifth Bishop of Newark and former President of the Board of Trustees.


McNulty Hall at night

  • McNulty Hall – Named for Msgr. John L. McNulty, President of the University from 1949–1959, McNulty Hall was built as a the university’s technology and research center in 1954. One of the most famous features of the building is the “Atom Wall” a relief artwork originally located on outer façade. Following renovations completed in the summer of 2007, the Atom Wall, depicting the gift of scientific knowledge from God to man, can be seen in the glass atrium of the building. McNulty also houses a large amphitheater and observatory for the chemistry, physics and biology departments.
  • Fahy Hall – Built in 1968, the building houses the classrooms and faculty offices of the College of Arts and Sciences. The building was named after Monsignor Thomas George Fahy who served as President of the University from 1970–1976. Fahy Hall includes several student resources and facilities, including two television studios, two amphitheaters and laboratories for computing, language learning, and statistics.
  • Arts and Sciences Hall – Originally built to house the Stillman School of Business in 1973, with the creation of Jubilee Hall in 1997, the building is now home to the College of Arts and Sciences. The building is conjoined with the College of Nursing in the north wing. The College of Nursing has advanced teaching facilities including hospital beds, demonstration rooms and multi-purpose practice areas.

Academics

Seton Hall University confers undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate degrees in over 70 academic fields. The school’s academic programs are divided into nine academic units:

  • College of Arts & Sciences (1856)
  • Immaculate Conception School of Theology (1860)
  • College of Education and Human Services (1920)
  • Seton Hall University College of Nursing (1937)
  • Stillman School of Business (1950)
  • School of Law (1951)
  • School of Health and Medical Sciences (1987)
  • SetonWorldWide (1995)
  • Whitehead School of Diplomacy (1997)

Additions

The newest addition to the University was in 1997 with founding of the John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, which is the ninth and latest unit of the University. The Whitehead School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in diplomacy and international relations. The school was founded in 1997 in alliance with the United Nations Association of the United States of America. Its internationally renown diplomacy program has a notable faculty consisting of U.S. ambassadors, world-famous lecturers, and student body made up individuals from across the United States and world. Internships and class simulations are a part of the curriculum. The school has a European Union Seminar in Luxembourg, and a United Nations Summer Intensive Study Program.

Traditions

University seal

The University seal as it is today is symbolic of hundreds of years of history. The seal combines attributes from the Bayley Coat of Arms and the Seton family crest. The Seton crest dates back as early as 1216 and symbolizes Scottish nobility. Renowned crest-maker, William F. J. Ryan designed the current form of the Seton Hall crest, which is notable for its three crescents and three torteau.
The motto on the seal Hazard Zet Forward (Hazard Zit Forward on some versions) is a combination of Norman French and archaic English meaning at whatever risk, yet go forward. Part custom and part superstition, students avoid stepping on an engraving of the seal in the middle of the university green. It is said that students who step on the seal will not graduate.

Alma Mater

The Seton Hall University Alma Mater was adopted as the official song of Seton Hall University. Charles A. Byrne of the class of 1937 wrote the original lyrics in 1936 and the university adopted the alma mater during the 1937 school year when the dean first read it to the student body. Some students participate in the tradition of saying “blue and white” more loudly than the rest of the alma mater.

Fight Song

“Onward Setonia” is Seton Hall’s fight song and it is played by the University Pep Band at all home Men’s and Women’s basketball games, usually as the team comes onto the court and at the end of the first half and at the end of the game. The lyrics are as follows: “Onward Setonia, We are bound for victory. Hazard Zet Forward, We will honor that decree. Onward Setonia, Stand up proud and stand up tall. FIGHT! FIGHT! FIGHT! For the Blue and White, and the glory of Seton Hall.”

Student life

Athletics


The 1908-1909 Seton Hall Basketball Team posted its first 10-4 winning season

The school’s sports teams are called the Pirates. They participate in the NCAA’s Division I and in the Big East Conference. The college established its first basketball squad in 1903. Seton Hall canceled football (which was played in Division III) in 1982.

Seton Hall athletics is best known for its men’s basketball program, which won the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 1953, and lost in the finals of the 1989 NCAA Tournament to Michigan, 80–79 in overtime. Seton Hall currently participates at the Division I level in Baseball, Basketball, Women’s Basketball, Cross country running, Men’s Golf, Soccer, Women’s Soccer, Softball, Swimming, Diving, Women’s Tennis, Indoor and Outdoor Track & Field, and Volleyball sports.

Seton Hall also has club sports in Ice Hockey, Rugby union, and Men’s Volleyball.


Prudential Center during Seton Hall basketball game

All Seton Hall sports have their home field on the South Orange campus except for the men’s basketball team, who currently play at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey after previously calling the Meadowlands home.

Student media

The school’s principal newspaper is The Setonian. The paper has national news, school news, editorials, letters, and an athletics section. The staff consists of undergraduates and publishes weekly on Thursday while classes are in session.

Other newspapers have also sprung up over time on campus. The Stillman Exchange is the Stillman Business school’s own newspaper. Its stories cover a wide scope, including ethical issues, business and athletics. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations is a bi-annually published journal composed of writings by international leaders in government, the private sector, academia, and nongovernmental organizations. A more recent addition to Seton Hall’s growing number of publications is the Liberty Bell. The only political newspaper on campus, the Liberty Bell, is published by the Seton Hall University Students for Individual Liberty and features news and op-ed articles about issues dealing with individual liberty.

WSOU is a non-commercial, college radio station, broadcasting at 89.5 MHz FM. The station broadcasts from the campus of Seton Hall University in South Orange, NJ. It is a student run station with General Manager Mark Maben at helm as a full-time faculty member. WSOU currently broadcasts in HD-RADIO. In 2007, the Princeton Review rated WSOU as the eighth-best college radio station in the nation.. Industry magazine also ranked WSOU to be the top Metal format station in the nation in 2007, and Rolling Stone Magazine ranked WSOU to be one of the top 5 rock stations in the nation in 2008.

Greek-letter organizations

Twenty-five recognized fraternity and sorority chapters are at Seton Hall. About 10 percent of the student body is a member of a Greek-letter organization. Fraternities at Seton Hall include the likes of Alpha Phi Alpha, Alpha Phi Delta, Alpha Kappa Psi, Lambda Theta Phi, Lambda Upsilon Lambda, Phi Beta Sigma, Phi Kappa Sigma, Phi Kappa Theta, Pi Kappa Phi, Sigma Phi Epsilon, Sigma Pi, Zeta Beta Tau,Psi Sigma Phi, and Zeta Psi. Sororities include Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Phi, Alpha Sigma Tau, Chi Upsilon Sigma, Delta Phi Epsilon, Delta Sigma Theta, Lambda Psi Delta, Lambda Theta Alpha, Mu Sigma Upsilon, Omega Phi Beta, Sigma Sigma Sigma, Zeta Phi Beta

In fall 2005, a group of students purporting to be an unrecognized chapter of Tau Kappa Epsilon recently made headlines when it was discovered that a pledge had been kidnapped and beaten for alerting university administration of the group’s existence.

People

Notable alumni

For a comprehensive list of alumni, see the list of Seton Hall University alumni.


Alumnus Anthony Principi

Seton Hall has over 85,000 graduates worldwide. Besides numerous members of the United States Congress and the New Jersey State Legislature, two former Governors of New Jersey, Donald DiFrancesco and John O. Bennett are alumni. Other notable alumni in government include former United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs Anthony Principi, United States Attorney Christopher J. Christie and former US Deputy Attorney General George J. Terwilliger.

Seton Hall graduates have also served as the head of major businesses and institutions such as Tyco, American International Group, and the Archdiocese of Newark. Many alumni have become prominent players in professional sports such as two-time Olympic Gold Medalist sprinter Andy Stanfield, and numerous players of the National Basketball Association like Terry Dehere, Andre Barrett, Adrian Griffin, Eddie Griffin and Samuel Dalembert. Major League Baseball player alumni include Mo Vaughn, Craig Biggio, John Valentin and Matt Morris. 2008 Olympic soccer captain Sacha Kljestan attended the Hall for three years prior to entering professional soccer. Other highlights include a Medal of Honor recipient, a two-time Emmy-winning journalist, Chuck Connors, and T.V. personalities such as Max Weinberg.

Notable faculty


Gen. Scammon, Prof. 1875-1885


Former Prof. Samuel Alito

Over the years Seton Hall has had many notable people as members of its faculty. Many of the University’s most notable professors have received awards and international recognition for work in their respective fields. Former faculty include, Samuel Alito, current United States Supreme Court Justice, Clay Constantinou, U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg and former dean of the Whitehead School of Diplomacy, Will Durant, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient, Patrick E. Hobbs, seventh Dean of Seton Hall University School of Law, Andrew Napolitano, former judge and current correspondent for Fox News Channel, anchor on Fox Business Channel Cody Willard, Scott Rothbort noted financial analyst with lakeview asset management, Peter W. Rodino, former chairman of House Judiciary Committee and chair of impeachment hearings for President Richard Nixon, Eliakim P. Scammon, brigadier general during the American Civil War, Sister Rose Thering, missionary whose life’s work was documented in an Academy Award-nominated film Sister Rose’s Passion, and Stanley Jaki, philosopher of science and Templeton Prize recipient.

Notes and references

  1. ^ “America’s Best Colleges 2008″. US News & World Report (2008). Retrieved on 2008-10-17.
  2. ^ “Seton Hall University History”. Social Science Research Network (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  3. ^ “Graduate School Rankings”. US News and World Report (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  4. ^ Phrashant, Gopal (2008). “The Colleges with the Biggest Returns: These Sheepskins Will Make You the Most Cash”. BusinessWeek. Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
  5. ^ “The Top Undergraduate Business Programs”. BusinessWeek (2008). Retrieved on 2008.
  6. ^ a b “Higher Education Seeks to Instill Knowledge and Faith”. Archdiocese of Newark Website (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  7. ^ a b c Delozier, Alan, et al. “History of Seton Hall”, Walsh Library Archives. Retrieved on 9 May 2007. 
  8. ^ “bout UMDNJ: History and Timeline”. UMDNJ (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-01.
  9. ^ “Record Group RG/A Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry 1946-1965″. SHU (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-01.
  10. ^ “Housing Information”. SHU Housing & Residence Life (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  11. ^ “Three Die in Dorm Fire at Seton Hall”. CNN News (2000). Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
  12. ^ “Former students reach plea deal in killer dorm fire”. CNN News (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  13. ^ “Ever Forward Campaign Description”. Division of University Advancement (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  14. ^ Ever Forward Campaign completion page
  15. ^ “University By-Laws” (PDF). Office of Board Affairs (2006). Retrieved on 2008-01-06.
  16. ^ “Montrose Park Historic District”, Archiplanet. Retrieved on 3 January 2008. 
  17. ^ “The South Orange Village History”, South Orange Village Website. Retrieved on 3 January 2008. 
  18. ^ “One Newark Center”. Emporis Worldwide Listing (2006). Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  19. ^ “Graduate School Rankings”. US News and World Report (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  20. ^ “2007 Raw Law School Data – Employment at Graduation”. Internet Legal Research Group (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g “University Day Historical Walking Tour of Seton Hall University Facts”. South Orange Historical and Preservation Society. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  22. ^ “New Jersey: South Orange: Convict’s Name Off Building”. New York Times (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  23. ^ Undergraduate Programs, John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  24. ^ “Seton Hall University / UNA-USA Alliance”. United Nations Association of the United States of America (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  25. ^ Theory and Practice, John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  26. ^ Wister, Msgr. Robert. “Saints, Monsters, Bishops and Seton Hall”, mimeo. Retrieved on 9 May 2007. 
  27. ^ “Alma Mater lyrics”, 2007 Commencement Exercises Pamphlet. Retrieved on 9 May 2007. 
  28. ^ “150 year history of Seton Hall” (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  29. ^ “The Seton Hall Pirate’s Myspace” (2007). Retrieved on 2007-01-07.
  30. ^ “NCAA Division 1 Varsity Sports”. Seton Hall University. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  31. ^ “Member Schools”. BIG EAST Conference Athletics. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  32. ^ “New book spotlights history of SHU b-ball”. The Setonian. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  33. ^ “Club Sports”. Seton Hall Athletics. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  34. ^ “Seton Hall University Men’s Basketball Joins Roster At Newark’s Prudential Center”. New Jersey Devils. Retrieved on 2007-06-18.
  35. ^ “Best College Radio Rankings”. The Princeton Review (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  36. ^ “SHU student attacked….frat”. NJ News Record. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  37. ^ “About Alumni Relations”. Department of Alumni Relations. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  38. ^ “Donald T. DiFrancesco”. NNDB. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  39. ^ “John O. Bennett III - Dilworth Paxson LLP”. Dilworth Paxson LLP. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  40. ^ “Anthony Principi Secretary of Veterans Affairs, 2001-2005″. Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  41. ^ “Big Pharma Gets Its Hooks into Seton Hall Law School”. Corporate Crime Reporter. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  42. ^ “George Terwilliger”. NNDB. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  43. ^ “Andy Stanfield”. USATF Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  44. ^ “Terry Dehere”. NBA.com. Retrieved on 23 November 2008.
  45. ^ “11 Andre Barrett, SG”. CBS Sportsline. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  46. ^ “Adrian Griffin Info Page”. NBA.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  47. ^ “Eddie Griffin Info Page”. NBA.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  48. ^ “Samuel Dalembert Info Page”. NBA.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  49. ^ “Mo Vaughn”. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  50. ^ “Craig Biggio”. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  51. ^ “John Valentin”. ESPN. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  52. ^ “Chuck Connors: Overview”. MSN Movies. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  53. ^ “Max Weinberg”. NNDB. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
  54. ^ “At Seton Hall, Professor Alito Wore a Cloak of Inscrutability”. The Washington Post (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  55. ^ “President Bush Nominates Seton Hall Law School Professor”. Seton Hall Law School (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  56. ^ “always a diplomat”. The Setonian (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  57. ^ “The gentile philosopher”. Wisdom Magazine (2008). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  58. ^ “Andrew Napolitano Bio”. Fox News (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  59. ^ “Cody Willard Bio.”. Cody Willard (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  60. ^ “Jim and Judy obrien colloquium guide” (2008). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  61. ^ “Seton Hall Law School Library”. Seton Hall Law (2008). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  62. ^ “Seton Hall University”. answers.com (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  63. ^ “Sister Rose Thering…Dead at Age 85″. Seton Hall (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.
  64. ^ “Stanley L. Jaki”. Seton Hall (2008). Retrieved on 2008-02-02.

Best Way To Lose Weight

Magnet wire

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009


Winding made with a magnet wire

Magnet wire is a copper or aluminum wire covered with thin insulation. It is used in the construction of transformers, inductors, motors, headphones, loudspeakers, hard drive head positioners, potentiometers, and electromagnets, among other applications. However, it is not usually magnetic itself.

The wire itself is most often fully annealed, electrolytically refined copper. Aluminum magnet wire is sometimes used for large transformers and motors. However, because of its lower electrical conductivity, an aluminum wire must have 1.6 times the cross sectional area as a copper wire to achieve comparable DC resistance. Smaller diameter magnet wire usually has a round cross section. Thicker magnet wire is often square or rectangular (with rounded corners) to permit more efficient use of available winding space. Older insulation materials consisted of cotton, paper, or silk and were useful for lower temperature applications (up to 105°C).

Modern magnet wire typically uses one to three layers of polymer film insulation, often of two different compositions, to provide a tough, continuous insulating layer. Magnet wire insulating films use (in order of increasing temperature range) polyurethane, polyamide, polyester, polyester-polyimide, polyamide-polyimide (or amide-imide), and polyimide. Polyimide insulated magnet wire is capable of operation at up to 250C. The insulation of thicker square or rectangular magnet wire is often augmented by wrapping it with a high-temperature polyimide or fiberglass tape, and completed windings are often vacuum impregnated with an insulating varnish to improve insulation strength and long-term reliability of the winding.

In the audio sector, a wire of silver construction, and various other insulators, such as cotton (sometimes permeated with some kind of coagulating agent/thickener, such as beeswax) and Teflon can be found.

Workout Routines