Starting from version 1.4 Java Virtual Machine included a hot swapping feature that allowed developers to update the code on-the-fly during debugging. However hot swapping was limited to updating method bodies only, and trying to add methods and fields to classes would not succeed. Since Java compiler generates synthetic fields and methods for features like class literals and inner classes the feature was even less useful than could be expected.

JavaRebel is an alternative solution to updating classes developed by ZeroTurnaround. It is a different approach and does not require a debugging session to be started. Instead it monitors the file system for changes and updates the classes in-memory. This means that only classes compiled to “.class” files will be updated and changes to classes in JAR files will be ignored. JavaRebel imposes a considerable performance overhead on the application and should never be used in production or performance tests. It is meant to be a development tool only.

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Satellite view of Nara, the grounds of the former and later imperial palaces are visible on the lower left half

Miniature model of the Daikoguden Hall of Heij? Palace

The restored Suzakumon (gate) of Heijo Palace

The restored T?in Teien garden

Heij? Palace (???, Heij?-ky?^?) in Nara, was the Imperial Palace of Japan (710-784 AD), during most of the Nara Period. The remains of the palace, and the surrounding area, was established as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998 along with a number of other buildings and area, as the “Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara.”

After Empress Genmei’s succession to Imperial Throne in 707, there was much discussion around the transfer of the palace. A year later, a rescript was issued deciding on the move to Nara. In 710, the new capital officially takes over, but the completion of the palace had to wait further. (Written Heij? (??) but also pronounced Nara at the time, the land gains its synonym, Nanto (??, ‘Southern Capital’) as opposed to Kyoto, the capital in the North, centuries later.)

The city, and the palace grounds, was based largely on Chang’an (present-day Xi’an), the capital of China during the Tang Dynasty, which was contemporary to the time when Nara was capital of Japan. Chang’an was in turn, like many ancient East Asian cities, based on a complex system of beliefs & laws of geomancy. This dictated the grid system of streets, as well as the necessity for spiritually protective shrines or temples to be placed at particular cardinal directions around the city.

In accordance with this system, the Palace was placed at the northern end, on an extended line from Suzaku Street, the main thoroughfare running north-south straight through the center of the city. The street ended at the Suzaku-mon, depicted above, and the rest of the Palace buildings were then placed beyond to the north of this gate. The primary buildings of the Palace compound were the Daigoku-den, where governmental affairs were conducted, the Ch?d?-in where formal ceremonies were held, the Dairi, the Emperor’s residence, and offices for various administrative agencies. The foundations or footprints of these buildings are still visible on the site.

There was a former and a later palace.

When the capital was moved to Heian-ky? (now called Kyoto), Nara’s Imperial Palace was simply abandoned. Over the ensuing centuries, the ravages of time and the elements slowly destroyed the buildings, until by the beginning of the Kamakura Period in the late 12th century there was practically nothing left above ground. However, those sections that lay underground were preserved, and re-discovered by modern archaeologists.

While the site was designated Special Historical Site by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in 1952, archaeological efforts headed by National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, such as excavations are continuing since 1959. The Suzaku-mon and Tou-in Garden have been restored and opened to public in 1998. In addition, the restoration of the First Daigoku-den is ongoing since 2001.

References

1. ^ “National Research Institute for Cultural Properties”. Retrieved on 2007-03-09. Navigate to English page from top menu bar
2. ^ image showing placement of pillars

See also

• Heian Palace
• Nara Period
• Capital of Japan

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Basic definitions

Any costs incurred by a firm may be classed into two groups: fixed cost and variable cost. Fixed costs are incurred by the business at any level of output, including zero output. These may include equipment maintenance, rent, wages, and general upkeep. Variable costs change with the level of output, increasing as more product is generated. Materials consumed during production often have the largest impact on this category. Fixed cost and variable cost, combined, equal total cost.

Revenue is the total amount of money that flows into the firm. This can be from any source, including product sales, government subsidies, venture capital and personal funds.

Marginal cost and revenue, depending on whether the calculus approach is taken or not, are defined as either the change in cost or revenue as each additional unit is produced, or the derivative of cost or revenue with respect to quantity output. It may also be defined as the addition to total cost as output increase by a single unit. For instance, taking the first definition, if it costs a firm 400 USD to produce 5 units and 480 USD to produce 6, the marginal cost of the sixth unit is approximately 80 dollars, although this is more accurately stated as the marginal cost of the 5.5th unit due to linear interpolation. Calculus is capable of providing more accurate answers if regression equations can be provided.

Total Cost-Total Revenue Method

Profit Maximization - The Totals Approach

To obtain the profit maximizing output quantity, we start by recognizing that profit is equal to total revenue (TR) minus total cost (TC). Given a table of costs and revenues at each quantity, we can either compute equations or plot the data directly on a graph. Finding the profit-maximizing output is as simple as finding the output at which profit reaches its maximum. That is represented by output Q in the diagram.

There are two graphical ways of determining that Q is optimal. Firstly, we see that the profit curve is at its maximum at this point (A). Secondly, we see that at the point (B) that the tangent on the total cost curve (TC) is parallel to the total revenue curve (TR), the surplus of revenue net of costs (B,C) is the greatest. Because total revenue minus total costs is equal to profit, the line segment C,B is equal in length to the line segment A,Q.

Computing the price at which to sell the product requires knowledge of the firm’s demand curve. The price at which quantity demanded equals profit-maximizing output is the optimum price to sell the product.

Marginal Cost-Marginal Revenue Method

Profit Maximization - The Marginal Approach

If total revenue and total cost figures are difficult to procure, this method may also be used. For each unit sold, marginal profit equals marginal revenue minus marginal cost. Then, if marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost, marginal profit is positive, and if marginal revenue is less than marginal cost, marginal profit is negative. When marginal revenue equals marginal cost, marginal profit is zero. Since total profit increases when marginal profit is positive and total profit decreases when marginal profit is negative, it must reach a maximum where marginal profit is zero - or where marginal cost equals marginal revenue. This is because the producer has collected positive profit up until the intersection of MR and MC (where zero profit is collected and any further production will result in negative marginal profit, because MC will be larger than MR). The intersection of marginal revenue (MR) with marginal cost (MC) is shown in the next diagram as point A. If the industry is competitive (as is assumed in the diagram), the firm faces a demand curve (D) that is identical to its Marginal revenue curve (MR), and this is a horizontal line at a price determined by industry supply and demand. Average total costs are represented by curve ATC. Total economic profits are represented by area P,A,B,C. The optimum quantity (Q) is the same as the optimum quantity (Q) in the first diagram.

If the firm is operating in a non-competitive market, minor changes would have to be made to the diagrams.

See also

• Supply and demand
• Market forms, Microeconomics
• pricing
• production, costs, and pricing
• corporation
• business organization

External links

• Pricing To Maximize Total Profits
• Profit Maximization in Perfect Competition by Fiona Maclachlan, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

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The main interest of this network is that although its behaviour is non-linear, the only parameters are the weights of the output layer. The error function is thus quadratic with respect to the parameter vector and can be differentiated easily to a linear system.

See also

• Liquid-state machine: a similar concept with generalized signal and network.

• aureservoir: an efficient C++ library for various kinds of echo state networks with python/numpy bindings.

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Rockland, Massachusetts
Plymouth County in Massachusetts” src=”http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rockland_ma_highlight.png/250px-Rockland_ma_highlight.png” width=”250″ height=”148″ border=”0″ /> Location in Plymouth County in Massachusetts
Coordinates: 42°07?50?N 70°55?00?W? / ?42.13056, -70.916667
Country	United States
State	Massachusetts
County	Plymouth
Settled	1673
Incorporated	1874
Government
- Type	Open town meeting
Area
- Total	10.1 sq mi (26.2 km²)
- Land	10.0 sq mi (26.0 km²)
- Water	0.1 sq mi (0.2 km²)
Elevation	140 ft (43 m)
Population (2000)
- Total	17,670
- Density	1,763.1/sq mi (680.7/km²)
Time zone	Eastern (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)	Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code	02370
Area code(s)	339 / 781
FIPS code	25-57775
GNIS feature ID	0618351
Website: http://www.rockland-ma.gov/

Rockland is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 17,670 at the 2000 census. with 10,199 total registered voters as of December 31, 2005.

History

Rockland was settled by European settlers, led by Timothy Hatherly, as a northeastern region of neighboring Abington in 1673. The town separated and incorporated as Rockland on March 9, 1874. It is named for the town’s rocky nature, which was better suited for mills and industry than for farming. During King Philip’s War, the town was the site of an encampment during his raids on the town of Scituate.

During the twentieth century, the town was the site of a portion of the landing strips of the South Weymouth Naval Air Station. The airstrip closed in 1996 as a part of the fourth round of closures under the Base Realignment and Closure Act.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 10.1 square miles (26.2 km²), of which, 10.0 square miles (26.0 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²) of it (0.79%) is water. Rockland ranks 307th out of 351 communities in the Commonwealth. Rockland is bordered by Weymouth to the northwest, Hingham to the northeast, Norwell to the northeast, Hanover to the east, Hanson to the south, Whitman to the southwest, and Abington to the west. Rockland is eight miles northeast of Brockton, and twenty-two miles south of Boston.

Rockland, as its name suggests, is dominated by rocky lands. There are several ponds throughout the town, including Accord Pond at the junction with Hingham and Norwell, and Studleys Pond just south of Rockland Center. There are several brooks throughout town, one of which is sourced at the Abington-Rockland Reservoir near the northeast corner of town. Beech Hill lies at the south of town, and Wyman Fields lies to the north of it. There are several parks throughout the town, as well as a small town forest just south of the Naval Air Station.

A short stretch (2/3 of a mile long) of Massachusetts Route 3 crosses the northeast corner of town, granting access to Route 228, which terminates just south of the highway. Route 123 and Route 139 pass from west to east just south of the center of town, running coextensively for roughly 2/3 of a mile.

A spur of the Old Colony Line formerly ran through the town; that line is now abandoned. The Old colony line does, however, pass through neighboring Weymouth, Abington and Whitman, as part of the Kingston-Route 3 line of the MBTA’s commuter rail. There are stops in South Weymouth (alongside the Naval Air Station) and Abington (just south of Route 123), not far from the town line. There is no commercial air service in town; the nearest national and international air service can be reached at Logan International Airport in Boston.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 17,670 people, 6,539 households, and 4,583 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,763.1 people per square mile (680.9/km²). There were 6,649 housing units at an average density of 663.4/sq mi (256.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 90.81% White, 5.71% African American, 0.15% Native American, 1.08% Asian, 0.79% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of the population.

There were 6,539 households out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the town the population was spread out with 26.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $50,613, and the median income for a family was $60,088. Males had a median income of $41,361 versus $31,907 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,068. About 6.1% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

Statistically, Rockland is the 103rd most populaced community in the Commonwealth, just below the state average. Rockland is the 62nd most densely populated community in the Commonwealth, and the fourth most densely populated in Plymouth County.

Government

On the national level, Rockland is a part of Massachusetts’s 10th congressional district, and has been represented since 1997 by Bill Delahunt. The state’s senior (Class I) member of the United States Senate, re-elected in 2006, is Ted Kennedy. The junior (Class II) Senator, up for re-election in 2008, is John Kerry.

On the state level, Rockland is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Fifth Plymouth district, which includes the towns of Hanover and Norwell. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Norfolk and Plymouth District, which includes Abington, Holbrook, Quincy, and part of Braintree. The town is patrolled by the First (Norwell) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.

Rockland is governed by the open town meeting form of government, and is led by an executive secretary and a board of selectmen. The town has its own police and fire department; the police department is located near the eastern junction of Routes 123 and 139 and the fire department is located along Union Street, the town’s main street. The fire department also has its own ambulance service, which brings emergency cases to South Shore Hospital in Weymouth or Brockton Hospital in Brockton. The town’s post office is located off of that street, around the corner from the fire station. The Rockland Memorial Library is located on Union Street, and is a member of the Old Colony Library Network (OCLN) and the Southeastern Massachusetts Library System (SEMLS).

The current Board of Selectmen is as follows:

• James Simpson 2010
• Lawrence J. Chaffee 2009 (BLOWHARD)(NOT TOO BRIGHT)
• Michael E. Zupkofska 2010
• Michael Johnson 2011
• Deborah O’Brien 2011

The town has not had a balanced budget in years and is known for being run by idiots.

Education

Rockland operates its own school system for the town’s approximately 2,500 students. There are three elementary schools (Jefferson, Memorial Park and R. Stewart Esten) which serve students from kindergarten to fifth grade. The John W. Rogers Middle School is located adjacent to Memorial Park, in the former high school building, and serves sixth through eight grades. Rockland High School is located around the corner from the park, and serves ninth through twelfth grade students. Rockland High’s athletics teams are known as the Bulldogs, and their colors are navy blue and white. They compete in the Patriot League, and their rivals are Duxbury, Abington and Hingham.

In addition to the high school, students may attend South Shore Vocational Technical High School in Hanover free of charge. The town also has two private schools, Calvary Chapel Academy and Holy Family School. Calvary Chapel Academy is a growing Christian school currently serving from kindergarten through ninth grade, currently expanding towards a full grade range. The Holy Family Church is a Catholic parochial school which extends to eighth grade, and is associated with the Holy Family Church of Rockland. There are also other private schools in the nearby towns.

Notable residents

• NASA astronaut Brian Duffy Rockland High School Class of 1971
• Actor Jonathan Togo from the series CSI: Miami Rockland High School Class of 1995
• Crime novelist George V. Higgins Rockland High School Class of 1957
• Science Fiction and Fantasy author Lou Antonelli Rockland High School Class of 1975
• Professional Skateboarder PJ Ladd is originally from Rockland but now lives in Los Angeles, California
• Professional hockey player Josh Hennessy
• Professional bullfighter Jonathan Emery Rockland High School Class of 2003

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Gjermund Eggen (born June 5, 1941 in Engerdal) was a Norwegian cross country skier who won three golds at the 1966 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (15 km, 50 km, and 4 x 10 km relay) in Oslo. The championships were held in Oslo in conjunction with the Holmenkollen ski festival, so Eggen’s World Championship victories also counted as Holmenkollen victories as well.

Eggen was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1968 (Shared with King Olav V Assar Rönnlund, and Bjørn Wirkola.).

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The Chairman, Jonathon Porritt, plays a central role, developing and steering the work programmes. The Commission is supported by over 40 dedicated policy staff, directed by Andrew Lee.

Recent work includes:

Stock Take - Delivering improvements in existing housing What is the potential for refurbishment of our existing houses to higher environmental standards?

I will if you will. A report on how we can all become green consumers.

Is nuclear the answer? A report in response to the UK Government’s 2006 Energy Review.

Position on nuclear power

The 2006 SDC report into nuclear power presents “a balanced examination of the pros and cons of the nuclear option”. The report accepts that nuclear is a low carbon technology, with a good safety record in the UK. Nuclear power could generate large amounts of electricity, contribute to stabilising CO2 emissions and add to the diversity of the UK’s energy supply. However, the report argues that even if the UK’s existing nuclear capacity was doubled, it would only give an 8% cut on CO2 emissions by 2035 (and nothing before 2010). There are also various disadvantages which must be considered:

• Long-term waste - no long term solutions are yet available, let alone acceptable to the general public.
• Cost - the economics of nuclear new-build are highly uncertain.
• Inflexibility - nuclear would lock the UK into a centralised distribution system for the next 50 years, at exactly the time when opportunities for microgeneration and renewable energy are stronger than ever.
• Undermining energy efficiency - a new nuclear programme would give out the wrong signal to consumers and businesses, implying that a major technological fix is all that’s required, weakening the urgent action needed on energy efficiency.
• International security - if the UK brings forward a new nuclear power programme, we cannot deny other countries the same technology. With lower safety standards, they run higher risks of nuclear accidents, radiation exposure, weapons proliferation and terrorist attacks.

On balance, the SDC found that these disadvantages outweighed the advantages of nuclear. However, the SDC does not rule out further research into new nuclear technologies and future technological developments which may justify a re-examination of the issue.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Nuclear power is not the answer to tackling climate change or security of supply, according to the Sustainable Development Commission

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Tomorrow
Author	Graham Swift
Country	England
Language	English
Genre(s)	Novel
Publisher	Picador
Publication date	2007
Media type	Print (Hardcover)
Pages	248 pp
ISBN	ISBN 978-0330450188

Tomorrow is a novel by Graham Swift first published in 2007 about the impending disclosure of a family secret. Set in Putney, London on the night of Friday, June 16, 1995, the novel takes the form of an interior monologue by a 49 year-old mother addressed to her sleeping teenage children. It takes her a few hours—from late at night until dawn—to collect her thoughts and rehearse what she and her husband, who is asleep next to her, are going to tell their son and daughter on the following morning, which for the latter will amount to a rewriting of the family history reaching back as far as 1944. The family narrative completed, the novel ends in the early hours of Saturday, June 17, 1995, before anybody has stirred.

Plot summary

Mike Hook is a wartime child. His father, “Grandpa Pete,” and his mother, “Grandma Helen,” both hardly turned 20, hastily get married in 1944 just before Pete rejoins the RAF to fight in the Second World War. He is shot down over Germany, survives, and spends several months in a prisoner-of-war camp. In January 1945, while he is still away from home, his son Mike is born.

After the war and his safe return to England, Pete becomes a successful entrepreneur. Mike, who remains an only child, develops an interest in nature quite early in life and eventually, in the 1960s, decides to read Biology at the recently opened University of Sussex. There, in 1966, he meets Paula Campbell, who has come from London to study English Literature and Art, and their relationship soon turns out to be much more than just a fling.

Paula is the only child of a divorced High Court judge with Scottish roots. That man, “Grandpa Dougie,” born shortly after the turn of the century, contributes to the war effort by deciphering code somewhere in the English countryside. There, already in his mid-forties, he falls for Fiona McKay, a young secretary with pretty legs who is twenty years his junior, and marries her. Paula, also born in 1945, is sent to a girls’ boarding school. Already during her years at school Paula feels his father’s growing estrangement from his wife, a development which culminates in divorce and “Grandma Fiona” running off with a man her own age “dripping with some kind of oil-derived, Texan-Aberdonian wealth”. After that, Paula hardly ever sees or talks to her own mother again. Just as Mike, she remains an only child. After finishing school, she decides to go on to Sussex University.

In tune with the spirit of the age, both Mike and Paula adopt a promiscuous lifestyle during their student days. However, they realise immediately after their first meeting that they are meant for each other and, deeply in love, decide to become monogamous and to spend the rest of their lives together. They get married in 1970 at the age of 25 and gradually start pursuing their respective careers—Mike as the editor of a struggling science journal, Paula as an art dealer.

In 1972, Paula eventually goes off the pill as they both wish to have children. When Paula does not become pregnant, the couple decide to have themselves tested:

We looked sadly and sympathetically at each other, as if one of us might have to choose, heads or tails, and one of us might have to lose. At this stage we still hoped.
But I have to say—and you must both be starting to muster an intense interest—that this was, in all we’d known so far, the worst moment of our lives. Little war babies to whom nothing especially dreadful, let alone warlike, had happened. The divorce of your parents, the death of an uncle—these things, for God’s sake, aren’t the end of the world. But this little crisis, even before we knew it was insuperable, was like a not so small end of the world. In one, strictly procreative sense, it might be exactly that.
It was a blow, my darlings, a true blow. And where it truly hurts. It turned out there was a problem and that the problem was your dad’s, not mine.

Mike’s diagnosed infertility prompts them to remain childless (rather than try to adopt children) and to stay together, Paula suppressing the biological urge to procreate and look for a different partner. However, they decide not to inform anybody of the new situation, not even their own parents, who in turn never broach so delicate a subject with their children and just wait passively for the big announcement. In the meantime, when a neighbour offers them a cat they take her up on it and call him Otis, after recently deceased Otis Redding. Otis becomes the focal point of their married life, so much so that when Paula takes him to the vet she is bluntly told that Otis is their “child substitute”.

The vet becomes Paula’s confidant, and he advises her to reconsider her abandoned wish to have a child while pointing her to the options available to her through the fledgling field of reproductive medicine. In the end Mike and Paula make up their minds to give it a try, Paula is artificially inseminated, and in 1979, after her own father’s and Otis’s death, gives birth to twins whom they christen Nick and Kate. Again, they do not tell anybody about how their children were conceived, especially not that their natural father is “Mr S”, an anonymous sperm donor.

As the new day is dawning, sleepless Paula is aware of the fact that the biggest revelation yet in the lives of her two children is imminent. She also makes a mental note to explain to them that they should decide wisely whether to tell anybody the news or not as the implications would be far-reaching: Grandma Helen, for one, might feel cheated out of her grandchildren. On the other hand, Paula can well imagine that her mother-in-law, by sheer maternal instinct, has known about their secret all along.

Reviews

Tomorrow was released in the spring of 2007 to mostly unfavourable reviews. In particular, critics noted that Swift had employed a narrative technique similar to that of his successful 2003 novel, The Light of Day, but that the suject of Tomorrow did not lend itself to the kind of narrative used by Swift.

For example, Adam Mars-Jones focuses on Swift’s holding back vital information from the reader so that at any given point in the novel they want to know “not what will happen next but what has happened in the first place”. This, Mars-Jones argues, worked very well in The Light of Day but fails utterly in Tomorrow: “If you’re going to withhold a secret for many pages, it had better deliver a frisson when it comes. In practice this means that it must concern sex or death, and preferably both.” However, “the secret is ordinary and wouldn’t merit airtime on the most timidly confrontational reality show.”

What is more, Mars-Jones detects a cruel streak in Paula, something which was obviously not intended by Swift. No loving mother would keep her almost grown-up children in the dark for 150 pages (the equivalent of several hours of continual talk full of foreboding) and only then divulge the real reason for their unusual meeting: “This would be a sadistic scenario if it was possible to take it seriously. The disproportion between the slim story and its overcontrolled telling is on a par with buying a tank to mow the lawn.”

Lionel Shriver, who has “never had the privilege of reviewing a Graham Swift novel before, and I’m a fan”, admits that “now I finally get my mitts on a Swift, and I hate it.” About the character of Paula, Shriver deplores that the “apologetic, alternatingly gushy and beseeching style seems artificially female—like a man’s idea of a woman’s voice. This is disconcerting, since Swift has crafted persuasive female characters before. But Paula is female with such a vengeance that she borders on parody. This woman is dull, trying, and signally incapable of ponying up the sharp lines and insightful asides that make a novel enjoyable along the way. Maybe we should let her keep her secret.”

In the same vein, Carol Birch, calling the book “a disappointment,” notes that Tomorrow “hangs on the device of a secret about to be disclosed, blazed before us from the outset as potentially life-shattering, and trailed like a banner. When it comes, the revelation feels a bit of a cheat: what you’d guessed at, only dismissed as too obvious.” As we are told by Paula at one point in the novel that her husband Mike is “like a man finding it in him to sleep on the eve of his execution”, Birch surmises that “perhaps he sleeps so soundly because there really is nothing too much to worry about.”

Birch claims that teenage children would wince at the kind of confession Paula is about to make: “It’s toe-curling, too, when she regales them with how wonderful sex is for her and their dad. ‘I have to confess it, a great lust for your father, for your father’s body,’ for this man with whom ‘I made the tenderest of sweetest love just two hours ago.’ Believe me, Paula, your 16-year-olds don’t wish to know this.”

Only Anne Enright goes a step further and says that, once the secret is out of the bag, “we are free to stop guessing and start enjoying the novel’s more delicate truths” as the book “weaves and undoes its quiet magic, making and scattering different kinds of ‘family’ This is part of Swift’s overwhelming honesty as a writer: he writes the way that life goes. He describes a married couple who are well off, content in their working lives and still ardent in bed. The world must contain many such people, though fiction does not—as though happiness were the most inadmissible secret of all.”

John Crace has condensed the novel into 700 words in his column, “The Digested Read” (”The digested read, digested: Either she takes the Mogadon or I do.”).

Read on

• Siri Hustvedt’s The Sorrows of an American (2008), where another family secret which is neither surprising nor satisfying is uncovered.
• For an overview, see Family life in literature.

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White River
Stuck River
The headwaters of the White River at Emmons Glacier
Country	United States
State	Washington
Counties	Pierce, King
Major city	Buckley
Length	75 mi (121 km)
Watershed	494 sq mi (1,279 km²)
Discharge at	Buckley
- average	1,435 cu ft/s (41 m³/s)
- maximum	17,000 cu ft/s (481 m³/s)
- minimum	59 cu ft/s (2 m³/s)
Source	Mount Rainier
- location	Emmons Glacier
- coordinates	46°53?7?N 121°40?24?W? / ?46.88528, -121.67333
- elevation	5,050 ft (1,539 m)
Mouth	Puyallup River
- coordinates	47°11?59?N 122°15?31?W? / ?47.19972, -122.25861
- elevation	29 ft (9 m)
the mouth”>Major tributaries
- left	West Fork White River, Clearwater River
- right	Greenwater River

The White River is a river in the U.S. state of Washington. It flows about 75 miles (121 km) from its source, the Emmons Glacier on Mount Rainier, to join the Puyallup River at Sumner. It defines part of the boundary between King and Pierce counties.

Course

The dry gravel bed of the White River floodplain near the campground in Mount Rainier National Park.

The source of the White River is the Emmons Glacier on the northeast side of Mount Rainier. The river flows from ice caves at the toe of the glacier. Its upper reach is contained within Mount Rainier National Park. Shortly after emerging from the Emmons Glacier, the White River flows generally east, by the White River Campground, then the White River Ranger Station, after which it turns north. The river is paralled by much of its upper course by State Route 410, called the Mather Memorial Parkway in the national park. After several miles the river exits Mount Rainier National Park and enters Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest.

The river turns gradually westward, passing several national forest campgrounds. Huckleberry Creek joins just below The Dalles Campground. Several miles downriver from there the White River is joined by one of its main tributaries, the West Fork White River, which also originates at a glacier in Mount Rainier National Park, in this case, Winthrop Glacier. A few miles downriver from the West Fork confluence another major tributary joins, the Greenwater River. The small settlement of Greenwater is located at the confluence.

Below Greenwater, the White River flows generally west. It passes Federation Forest State Park and is then joined by another tributary, the Clearwater River. Several miles downriver from there the White River is impounded by Mud Mountain Dam, which creates a marshy intermittent lake called Mud Mountain Lake. The dam was built for flood control purposes. Mud Mountain Lake only fills with water during conditions of exceptionally high streamflow.

Below Mud Mountain Dam the White River enters the greater Tacoma metropolitan area. It flows between the cities of Buckley and Enumclaw, after which it makes a large bend northwest and then southwest, essentially flowing around Lake Tapps. North of the lake, the White River flows through the Muckleshoot Indian Reservation. Below that, to the west of Lake Tapps, the White River enters a broad floodplain and flows past the city of Pacific before emptying into the Puyallup River at Sumner.

Lake Tapps is a reservoir created in 1911 for hydroelectric purposes. A diversion dam near Buckley taps the White River’s water, sending a portion of it through a flume, a canal, and a pipeline to Lake Tapps. An outlet canal on the west side of the lake routes water through the turbines of the Dieringer Powerhouse, after which the water is returned to the White River.

River modifications

Before 1906, the White River joined the Green River near Auburn, and the combined river (under the name “White”) joined the Black River at Tukwila, forming the Duwamish River, which emptied into Elliott Bay at Seattle. In 1906, a great flood coupled with a large log and debris jam diverted the White River southward into the Stuck River thence into the Puyallup River, which empties into Commencement Bay at Tacoma. The debris dam was replaced with a permanent diversion wall. Thus the White River remains a tributary of the Puyallup River today.

In the late 19th century farmers along the White River were subjected to nearly annual floods. Sometimes farmers would use dynamite to divert the river into different channels. In 1899 one such explosion went awry and ended up diverting most of the White River into the Stuck River, thence the Puyallup. Dynamiting the river channels continued until the major flood of 1906 which ended up sending the entire White River down the Stuck River. Due to the risk of floods, the diversion was not wanted by Pierce County, which sued King County in an attempt to have the White River rediverted away from the Stuck River. The lawsuit dragged on for years until 1913 when the two counties reached an agreement. Pierce County would keep the White River, but King County would pay 60% of the cost of flood control. Dams, levees, and barriers were built along the White River in hopes of preventing major flooding, but in 1933 a large flood inundated the region. The two counties realized they were unable to tame the river and so turned to the federal government. The result was Mud Mountain Dam.

Mud Mountain Dam, built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers for flood control purposes, was completed in 1948. The dam blocks anadromous fish passage, so a “trap and haul” system is used, in which fish are transported around the dam by truck. After Mud Mountain Dam was built, the farmers of the lower White River were freed from the previously near-constant worry about flooding.

In 1911 a diversion dam was built near Buckley which, along with a system of dikes around the originally small Lake Tapps created a larger reservoir. Over the years a small community has developed around the lake. The reservoir’s water is returned to the White River about 20 miles downstream from the diversion dam. Ownership and operation was transferred to Puget Sound Energy. Recently, Puget Sound Energy has considered shutting down the project as unprofitable. Local residents have organized efforts to maintain the lake as it is even if Puget Sound Energy leaves.

Several miles upriver from the Lake Tapps diversion dam the White River is impounded by Mud Mountain Dam, for flood control purposes.

Natural history

The White River and its tributaries provide habitat for salmon species including Chinook, Pink, Chum, and Coho salmon, as well as Rainbow, Steelhead, and Cutthroat trout. Pink and Chum salmon dominate the runs. The White River Coho salmon are a mixed population of hatchery and wild fish. The native White River spring Chinook salmon are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.

History

The White River valley was the scene of violent clashes between Native Americans and the militias of Washington Territory as well as the U.S. Army during the Puget Sound War of 1855-1856.

See also

• List of Washington rivers

References

1. ^ White River, The Columbia Gazetteer of North America
2. ^ ^{a b c d} White River Watershed Facts, King County.
3. ^ Puyallup and White River Basins, Water Resource Data, Washington, 2005, USGS.
4. ^ ^{a b} USGS GNIS: White River (Washington)
5. ^ ^{a b} Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates.
6. ^ General course info from (2000) Washington Road & Recreation Atlas. Benchmark Maps. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Mud Mountain Dam, HistoryLink.

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Glittertind is a Norwegian folk metal and viking metal project which started in 2001. The band consist of Torbjørn Sandvik and various guest musicians. The lyrics are about the Norwegian folk tradition and old history, the music style is folk metal with elements of punk rock.

Discography

• Mellom Bakkar Og Berg (Ultima Thule Records, 2002)
• Evige Asatro (Ultima Thule Records, 2003)
• Evige Asatro (Re-release) (Karmageddon Media, 2004)
• Til Dovre Faller (Karmageddon Media, 2005) EP

Members

Torbjørn Sandvik

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